RETRACTED: Swimming exercise increases the level of nerve growth factor and stimulates neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus

Chae, Chang Ho; Lee, H.-C.; Jung, S.-L.; Kim, T.-W.; Kim, J.-H.; Kim, N.-J.; Kim, H.-T.

doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.030

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Among the hypotheses aiming to explain the beneficial effects exerted by physical activity on the brain, the “neurotrophic hypothesis of physical exercise” postulates that these favorable actions critically depend on the increase in the levels of growth factors that it induces (reviewed in Llorens-Martin et al, 2008 ). Physical activity increases the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Neeper et al, 1995 , 1996 ; Oliff et al, 1998 ), insulin-like growth factor I (Trejo et al, 2001 ), vascular-endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (Fabel et al, 2003 ), and nerve growth factor (NGF) (Chae et al, 2012 ), among others. In the adult hippocampus, running stimulates neuron precursor proliferation (van Praag et al, 1999b ; Olson et al, 2006 ), a process that is mediated by an increase in the circulating levels of IGF-I (Trejo et al, 2001 ), VEGF (Fabel et al, 2003 ; During and Cao, 2006 ), and BDNF (Vaynman et al, 2004 ).…”

Section: Regulation Of the Morphological Maturation Of Newborn Neuronmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ever-Changing Morphology of Hippocampal Granule Neurons in Physiology and Pathology

2016

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Newborn neurons are continuously added to the hippocampal dentate gyrus throughout adulthood. In this review, we analyze the maturational stages that newborn granule neurons go through, with a focus on their unique morphological features during each stage under both physiological and pathological circumstances. In addition, the influence of deleterious (such as schizophrenia, stress, Alzheimer's disease, seizures, stroke, inflammation, dietary deficiencies, or the consumption of drugs of abuse or toxic substances) and neuroprotective (physical exercise and environmental enrichment) stimuli on the maturation of these cells will be examined. Finally, the regulation of this process by proteins involved in neurodegenerative and neurological disorders such as Glycogen synthase kinase 3β, Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC-1), Glucocorticoid receptor, pro-inflammatory mediators, Presenilin-1, Amyloid precursor protein, Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), among others, will be evaluated. Given the recently acquired relevance of the dendritic branch as a functional synaptic unit required for memory storage, a full understanding of the morphological alterations observed in newborn neurons may have important consequences for the prevention and treatment of the cognitive and affective alterations that evolve in conjunction with impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis.

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Section: Regulation Of the Morphological Maturation Of Newborn Neuronmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ever-Changing Morphology of Hippocampal Granule Neurons in Physiology and Pathology

2016

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“…Besides the youthfulness of the animal, the factor that arguably produces the most robust increases in levels of adult hippocampal neurogenesis is aerobic exercise [37] . This has been established in rodents [16,38,39] with supportive data in humans [40] . Allowing mice access to a running wheel increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis by 2-to 5-fold depending on the mouse strain and amount of running performed by the mouse [16] .…”

Section: Exercisementioning

confidence: 77%

The Contribution of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis to the Progression of Psychiatric Disorders

Kohman

Rhodes²

2017

Modern Trends in Psychiatry

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New neurons are continuously formed in the adult hippocampus of the human, nonhuman primate, and rodent throughout life though rates of neurogenesis precipitously decline with age to near zero levels at the end of the natural life span. Since its discovery in the 1960s, a large number of studies have documented numerous environmental and genetic factors which regulate adult neurogenesis. Chief among the positive regulators of neurogenesis are exercise and antidepressant drugs. Chief among the negative regulators of neurogenesis besides age are stress and inflammation. To the extent that many psychiatric disorders are comorbid with or causally related to stress and inflammation, decreased neurogenesis could be a partial contributor to the pathophysiology of the disorders. However, the functional significance of new neurons in behavior has yet to be established and is currently a hotly debated topic. Therefore, it is not clear whether changes in neurogenesis that occur alongside psychiatric illnesses are a cause or a consequence of the mediating factors such as stress, drug abuse, and inflammation, which are complexly involved in the disorders. It will be important moving forward to use modern technologies capable of instantaneously inactivating cohorts of new neurons to test their functional significance in behavior and the etiology of mental illnesses.

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“…Regular exercise increased neuronal survival, learning, and memory (Chae et al, 2012; Kim et al, 2010a, 2010b). It also alleviated traumatic brain injury (Seo et al, 2010), and reduced the symptoms of brain disorder such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and ADHD (Kim et al, 2011; Majorek et al, 2004; O’Dell et al, 2007; Petzinger et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treadmill exercise ameliorates symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder through reducing Purkinje cell loss and astrocytic reaction in spontaneous hypertensive rats

Yun

Park

et al. 2014

J Exerc Rehabil

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Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder of cognition. We investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on Purkinje cell and astrocytic reaction in the cerebellum of the ADHD rat. Adult male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYR) weighing 210± 10 g were used. The animals were randomly divided into four groups (n= 15): control group, ADHD group, ADHD and methylphenidate (MPH)-treated group, ADHD and treadmill exercise group. The rats in the MPH-treated group as a positive control received 1 mg/kg MPH orally once a day for 28 consecutive days. The rats in the treadmill exercise group were made to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day for 28 days. Motor coordination and balance were determined by vertical pole test. Immunohistochemistry for the expression of calbindinD-28 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the cerebellar vermis and Western blot for GFAP, Bax, and Bcl-2 were conducted. In the present results, ADHD significantly decreased balance and the number of calbindin-positive cells, while GFAP expression and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in the cerebellum were significantly increased in the ADHD group compared to the control group (P< 0.05, respectively). In contrast, treadmill exercise and MPH alleviated the ADHD-induced the decrease of balance and the number of calbindine-positive cells, and the increase of GFAP expression and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in the cerebellum (P< 0.05, respectively). Therefore, the present results suggested that treadmill exercise might exert ameliorating effect on ADHD through reduction of Purkinje cell loss and astrocytic reaction in the cerebellum.

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RETRACTED: Swimming exercise increases the level of nerve growth factor and stimulates neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus

Cited by 17 publications

References 30 publications

The Ever-Changing Morphology of Hippocampal Granule Neurons in Physiology and Pathology

The Ever-Changing Morphology of Hippocampal Granule Neurons in Physiology and Pathology

The Contribution of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis to the Progression of Psychiatric Disorders

Treadmill exercise ameliorates symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder through reducing Purkinje cell loss and astrocytic reaction in spontaneous hypertensive rats

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