RETRACTED: Oxidative potential of particulate matter components generated by specific emission sources

Simonetti, Giulia; Conte, Elena; Massimi, Lorenzo; Frasca, Daniele; Perrino, Cinzia; Canepari, Silvia

doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2018.08.011

Cited by 19 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…In most studies, filter-collected PM samples were extracted with high-purity Milli-Q water using continuous agitation or ultra-sonication at room temperature, followed by filtering through polypropylene syringe filters. Therefore, the water-soluble fraction was investigated, to represent the bioavailable PM component [25,26]. Otherwise, some papers also investigated the PM insoluble fractions by skipping filtration of water suspension [17] or extraction with microwave-assisted acid digestion [27,28].…”

Section: Pm Sampling and Filter Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A small aliquot is removed from the mixture at designated times and mixed with 1% w/v Trichloraoacetic acid (TCA) to quench DTT reactions. The aliquot is mixed with 0.5 mL 5,5 -dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) to form 2-nitro-5-mercaptobenzoic acid (TNB) by reacting with the residual DTT, which is then measured at the wavelengths of 4 using a UV/Vis spectrometer [8,13,26].…”

Section: Dtt Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The formed DCF can be easily measured by fluorescence at the excitation and emission wavelengths of 485 and 530 nm, respectively. The ROS concentration may be then calculated in terms of H 2 O 2 equivalent [21,25,26,33].…”

Section: Dcfh Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three PM size classes (PM >7 , PM 3-7 , PM 3 ) were characterized for OP DTT and for total elements. Others were performed on PM sampled in Rome and Ferrara, eastern Po valley, and also on PM from specific sources [25,26,33]. They used DTT, AA, and DCFH assays to measure OP of nine size-segregated PM fractions, i.e., cut-sizes: 0.18, 0.32, 0.56, 1.0, 1.8, 3.2, 5.6, 10, and 18 µm.…”

Section: Study Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Trace elements are several transition metals (i.e., Fe Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni, Mn, Sn, Cd) associated with non-tail pipe traffic emissions, mainly related to brake and tire wear [11,25,39,[41][42][43][44]. Finally, K and Rb can be considered as tracers of the biomass burning [23,26]. -Carbonaceous components.…”

Section: Association Of Oxidative Potential With Pm Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of PM Oxidative Potential Measured with Acellular Assays in Urban and Rural Sites across Italy

2019

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This work is an overview of the oxidative potential (OP) values up to date measured in Italy, with the aim to provide a picture of the spatial and seasonal variability of OP in the various geographical areas across Italy. The summarized works used the common acellular assays-based dithiothreitol (OP DTT ), ascorbic acid (OP AA ), glutathione (OP GSH ), and 2 ,7 -dichlorodfluorescein (OP DCFH ) assays. The paper describes the association of OP responses with PM chemical composition, the sensitivity of various acellular OP assays to PM components and emission sources, and PM size distribution of the measured OP values. Our synthesis indicates that crustal and transition metals (e.g., Fe, Ni, Cu, Cr, Mn, Zn, and V), secondary ions and carbonaceous components (elemental carbon, EC, organic carbon, OC and water soluble carbon, WSOC) show significant correlations with OP across different urban and rural areas and size ranges. These chemical species are mainly associated with various PM sources, including residual/fuel oil combustion, traffic emissions, and secondary organic aerosol formation. Although the OP assays are sensitive to the same redox-active species, they differ in the association with PM chemical components. The DDT assay is mainly sensitive to the organic compounds that are mostly accumulated in the fine PM fraction, i.e., tracers of burning sources, and redox active organics associated with other markers of photochemical aging. In contrast, OP AA and OP GSH were mostly responsive to metals, mainly those related to non-exhaust traffic emissions (Cu, Zn, Cr, Fe, Ni, Mn, Sn, Cd, Pb), that are mainly accumulated in the coarse PM. Among the investigated sites, our synthesis shows larger OP values in Trentino region and the Po Valley, that may be explained by the high density of anthropogenic sources, and the orographic and meteorological characteristics, that favor the pollutants accumulation and aerosol photo-oxidative aging. ). The acellular version of the 2 ,7 -dichlorodfluorescein (DCFH) assay uses the enzymatic production of the fluorescent probe largely used for the evaluation of oxidative stress in living cells.The present work summarizes the PM oxidative properties up to date measured in Italy using OP acellular assays, with the aim of giving a general insight of PM OP across the Italian territory, that has not been reported yet, in spite of the increasing number of OP measurements carried out in Europe [6,[19][20][21][22]. In addition, the study reviews the association described in previous studies between OP from different assays with several inorganic ad organic components, that effect PM oxidative properties, i.e., metals, ions, and carbonaceous components. The aim is to give a picture of the spatial and seasonal variability of different contributions to OP in the various geographical areas across Italy. The relevance of such an investigation is based on the large variability in the chemical composition of different PM size fractions in various locations across Italy, as a consequence of the stron...

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