[Retracted] Natural Antioxidants Improve the Vulnerability of Cardiomyocytes and Vascular Endothelial Cells under Stress Conditions: A Focus on Mitochondrial Quality Control

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease has become one of the main causes of human death. In addition, many cardiovascular diseases are accompanied by a series of irreversible damages that lead to organ and vascular complications. In recent years, the potential therapeutic strategy of natural antioxidants in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases through mitochondrial quality control has received extensive attention. Mitochondria are the main site of energy metabolism in eukaryotic cells, including myocardial and vascular endothelial cells. Mitochondrial quality control processes ensure normal activities of mitochondria and cells by maintaining stable mitochondrial quantity and quality, thus protecting myocardial and endothelial cells against stress. Various stresses can affect mitochondrial morphology and function. Natural antioxidants extracted from plants and natural medicines are becoming increasingly common in the clinical treatment of diseases, especially in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Natural antioxidants can effectively protect myocardial and endothelial cells from stress-induced injury by regulating mitochondrial quality control, and their safety and effectiveness have been preliminarily verified. This review summarises the damage mechanisms of various stresses in cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells and the mechanisms of natural antioxidants in improving the vulnerability of these cell types to stress by regulating mitochondrial quality control. This review is aimed at paving the way for novel treatments for cardiovascular diseases and the development of natural antioxidant drugs.

[Retracted] Tongyang Huoxue Decoction (TYHX) Ameliorating Hypoxia/Reoxygenation‐Induced Disequilibrium of Calcium Homeostasis and Redox Imbalance via Regulating Mitochondrial Quality Control in Sinoatrial Node Cells

“…Five compounds were identified by different extraction methods: ferulic acid, ginsenoside Rb1, astragaloside IV, diosgenin, and catalpol ( Figure 6 ). Studies have reported that the above five active ingredients from TYHX can play a good therapeutic effect in different types of cardiovascular diseases [ 20 , 23 ]. Moreover, it can protect many kinds of cells (including endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, and sinoatrial node cells) under stress conditions [ 20 ].…”

“…Studies have reported that the above five active ingredients from TYHX can play a good therapeutic effect in different types of cardiovascular diseases [ 20 , 23 ]. Moreover, it can protect many kinds of cells (including endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, and sinoatrial node cells) under stress conditions [ 20 ]. The protective mechanism may be closely related to the mitochondria quality control.…”

“…It is composed of Astragalus membranaceus , ginseng, Rehmannia glutinosa , Angelica sinensis , and licorice. Many studies have reported that ginsenoside Rb1, resveratrol and astragaloside IV in Astragalus membranaceus , ginseng, Rehmannia glutinosa , and Angelica sinensis can protect mitochondria and regulate redox balance and mitochondrial quality control [ 20 , 21 ]. Our previous experimental study also found that astragaloside IV, an active ingredient of TYHX, can shorten the action potential duration of injured SANCs in rabbits and protect the cytoskeleton [ 22 ].…”

SIRT5‐Related Desuccinylation Modification Contributes to Quercetin‐Induced Protection against Heart Failure and High‐Glucose‐Prompted Cardiomyocytes Injured through Regulation of Mitochondrial Quality Surveillance

“…In addition, severe diabetic cardiomyopathy with heart failure is accompanied by myocardial hypertrophy, partial myocardial ischemia, and hypoxia [36,53]. The energy metabolism of myocardial cells is converted from fatty acid oxidation to glycolysis to adapt to hypoxia as a selfprotective mechanism.…”

Effect of combined lipid-lowering and antioxidant nutraceutical on plasma lipids, endothelial function, and estimated cardiovascular disease risk in moderately hypercholesterolemic patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial

“…On the other hand, cholesterol’s ability to early impair vascular health is also mediated by its oxidation [ 6 ]. A number of dietary components exert an antioxidant effect on LDL and on endothelium that is strongly sensitive to exposure to the positive action of antioxidants [ 7 , 8 ].…”