RETRACTED: Lopsided Blood‐Thinning Drug Increases the Risk of Internal Flow Choking Leading to Shock Wave Generation Causing Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Disease

Kumar, Vinod; Choudhary, Shiv Kumar; Radhakrishnan, Pradeep Kumar; Bharath, Rajaghatta Sundararam; Chandrasekaran, Nichith; Sankar, Vigneshwaran; Sukumaran, Ajith; Oommen, Charlie

doi:10.1002/gch2.202000076

Cited by 11 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…In a nutshell, we have proved conclusively that the high-BHCR reduces the risk of flow choking as dictated by Eq.1, which is an indisputable physical condition, without any ex vivo or in vivo model support, for prohibiting asymptomatic stroke in any vessel [20][21][22][23]. We concluded that for a healthylife all subjects with high-BPR inevitably have high-BHCR for reducing the risk of the internal flow choking (biofluid/Sanal-flow-choking) triggering the AHF due to the shock wave generation and pressure overshoot (36)(37)(38)(39). We corroborated herein that, the AHF is a transient episode and not an illness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Very Low and High Blood Viscosity Are Risk Factors for Internal Flow Choking Causing Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Disease

Kumar

Choudhary

Radhakrishnan

et al. 2021

Preprint

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BackgroundThe truly popular consequence of management with the blood-thinning-drug, causation of lower blood-viscosity (BV), is bleeding and very frequently asymptomatic-hemorrhage (AH) and the acute-heart-failure (AHF) happen without any preceding symptoms.ObjectivesOur aim was to develop an infallible closed-form analytical model for demonstrating the proof of the concept of the Sanal flow choking in cardiovascular system (CVS) causing AH and AHF by correlating the blood pressure ratio (BPR), biofluid/blood-heat-capacity-ratio(BHCR), blood viscosity(BV), stenosis (in terms of vessel cross-sectional area (VCA)) and ejection fraction(EF). For establishing the proof of the concept we were planned in vitro and in silico studies. MethodsThe closed-form-analytical-methodology is used herein to establish the proof of the concept of Sanal-flow-choking. In vitro method is invoked for the speciation analyses of blood samples of healthy subjects (human being/Guinea pig) for the BHCR estimation. In silico method is used for demonstrating the asymptomatic pressure-overshoot in an artery due to the Sanal flow choking and shock wave generation. ResultsThe closed-form analytical, in vitro and in silico results are presented herein to establish the proof of the concept of internal flow choking in CVS causing cardiovascular risk without prejudice to the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The analytical models reveal that the relatively high and low BV are risk factors of AH and AHF. In vitro study shows that nitrogen(N2), oxygen(O2), carbon dioxide(CO2) and argon(Ar) gases are predominant in fresh-blood samples of the healthy human-being and Guinea-pig at a temperature range of 37-400 C (98.6-1040 F), which increases the risk of flow-choking leading to AH and AHF. The thermal-tolerance level in terms of BHCR of Guinea-pig is found higher than the human being. In silico results demonstrated the Sanal flow choking and shock wave generation in an artery with the divergent/bifurcation region. ConclusionsAn overdose of blood-thinning drug for reducing the blood-viscosity(BV) augments Reynolds number leading to high-turbulence and enhanced boundary-layer-blockage(BLB), which increases the chances of cavitation and the Sanal-flow-choking leading to the shock wave and pressure-overshoot causing memory effect (stroke history) in viscoelastic vessels. Designing the precise blood-thinning regimen is vital for attaining the desired therapeutic efficacy and negating undesirable flow-choking leading to AH and AHF. Herein we established that the disproportionate blood-thinning treatment increases the risk of the Sanal-flow-choking due to the enhanced BLB factor. The cardiovascular risk could be diminished by concurrently lessening the BV and flow turbulence by rising thermal-tolerance-level in terms of BHCR or by decreasing the BPR. Condensed AbstractHerein, we provide a proof of the concept to establish that such asymptomatic diseases are due to the boundary-layer-blockage (BLB) induced flow choking (Sanal-flow-choking) at a critical blood-pressure-ratio (BPR). When the pressure of the nanoscale-fluid increases, average-mean-free-path decreases and thus, the Knudsen number reduces leading to a no-slip boundary condition with compressible-viscous (CV) flow effect. Sanal-flow-choking is a CV flow effect creating a physical situation of the sonic-fluid-throat, at a critical BPR. We concluded that AH and AHF are transient-events due to flow-choking, and not an illness. The cardiovascular risk could be diminished by concurrently lessening the BV and flow turbulence by rising thermal-tolerance-level in terms of BHCR or by decreasing the BPR.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Very Low and High Blood Viscosity Are Risk Factors for Internal Flow Choking Causing Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Disease

Kumar

Choudhary

Radhakrishnan

et al. 2021

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“…[1] Such problems of urgency to the scientific communities are the prediction and attenuation of detonation in reacting fluid flow systems and that of asymptomatic stroke (AS) in the human circulatory system (HCS). Note that the deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) in reacting fluid flow systems and the creeping flow to asymptomatic hemorrhagic stroke (AHS) in biological systems could happen due to the consequence of the Sanal flow choking [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32837737/>. Over the decades several in vitro and in silico studies were reported on DDT in various chemical energy systems from yocto to yotta scales but there were no authentic answers on the fundamental cause of DDT in real-world fluid flow systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This physical situation is analogous to the creeping flow to the choked flow condition in an artery with the divergent/bifurcation/vasospasam region causing AHS (see Figure 1(a-h) as the central illustration). 8 Herein, we made an effort to correlate the radical theory of the Sanal flow choking in the human circulatory system (HCS) because blood is a compressible fluid. [1] Furthermore, in vitro study shows (see Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…V.R.S.Kumar et al [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] established that there are likelihoods of Sanal flow choking in HCS (see Figure 1(a-h) as the central illustration), after attaining the critical blood pressure ratio. [1,7] The experiences gained from the theoretical and in vitro findings (see Figure 2) prompted us for the internal flow simulation of the straight duct ending with a divergent port for examining Sanal flow choking and streamtube flow choking (see Figure 3 and Figure 4(a-b)) through the reliable in silico simulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3] Physics of Sanal flow-choking received significant attention in the global scientific community for solving various research problems of topical interest. [1,2,7,8] Certainly, using the Sanal flow choking model to predict the 3D blockage factor, the chemical rocket motor designer could optimize the grain port geometry with the maximum possible propellant loading density with the allied igniter, without inviting DDT and without any costly empirical design technique or in silico simulation. [2] Of late (2020) V.R.S.Kumar et al [2] highlighted the physical significance of the detonation kernel associated with the 3D blockage factor and the critical pressure ratio (CPR) causing the phenomenon of Sanal flow choking in a constant area duct ending with a divergent port.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Physics of Detonation Chemistry: A Radical Theory in Predicting the Deflagration to Detonation Transition and Environmental Explosions

Kumar¹,

Chandrasekaran²,

Sankar³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The theoretical finding of the Sanal-flow-choking [PMCID: PMC7267099] and streamtube flow choking (V.R.Sanal Kumar et al., Physics of Fluids, Vol.33, No.3, 2021, DOI: 10.1063/5.0040440) are methodological advancements in predicting the deflagration-to-detonation-transition (DDT) in the real-world-fluid flows (continuum/non-continuum) with credibility.[1,2] Herein, we provide a proof of the concept of the Sanal-flow-choking and streamtube-flow-choking causing DDT in wall-bounded and free-external flows. Once the streamlines compacted, the considerable pressure difference attains inside the streamtube and the flow gets accelerated to the constricted region for satisfying the continuity condition set by the conservation law of nature. If the shape of the streamtube in the internal/external flow is similar to the convergent-divergent (CD) duct the phenomenon of the Sanal-flow-choking and supersonic flow development occurs at a critical-total-to-static pressure ratio (CPR) in yocto to yotta scale systems and beyond, which leads to shock wave generation or detonation as the case may me. At the lower critical detonation or hemorrhage index, the CPR of the reacting flow and the critical blood-pressure-ratio (BPR) of the subjects (human being/animal) are unique functions of the heat-capacity-ratio (HCR) of the evolved gas in the CD duct (V.R.Sanal Kumar et al., Global Challenges, Wiley Publication, January 2021, DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000076, PMCID: PMC7933821; Sanal Kumar V.R et al. Stroke, Vol. 52, Issue Suppl_11 March 2021, doi.org/10.1161/str.52.suppl_1.P804). In silico results are presented herein to establish the proof of the concept of the Sanal-flow-choking and streamtube-flow-choking causing shock-wave/detonation in diabatic flow systems and asymptomatic-hemorrhagic-stroke in biological systems. The physics of detonation chemistry presented herein sheds light for exploring environmental and supernova explosions.[107] In silico results reported herein provide an authentic answer to many unresolved research questions in Physics in general and aerospace, mechanical, biological, chemical, energy, environmental, nano and material sciences in particular.

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The proof of concept of uninterrupted push‐pull electromagnetic propulsion and energy conversion systems for drones and planet landers

Kumar

Mariappan

Thianesh

et al. 2023

Engineering Reports

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Although numerous models of aerial‐robots/drones and planet landers have been demonstrated to fly autonomously in natural and manmade environments for far‐reaching scientific and technological change to help humankind, no drone flowed yet with a push‐pull dual‐head electromagnetic propulsion (EMP) system ensuring unrestricted flight endurance. The precept of EMP is eminent as it hastens an object using a flowing electrical current, either to charge a field or opposing a magnetic field for locomotive use. Here we present a proof of concept to demonstrate the capability of a newly invented variable speed propulsion and energy conversion system for uninterruptedly generating the reciprocating motion of a magnetic piston by a solar battery‐driven polarity changer timing circuit together with a laser‐based timing circuit for redundancy. The reciprocating crusade of the magnetic piston could be successfully converted into rotary motion to generate continuous power for various multidisciplinary applications on Earth and the other planets effectively in lieu of long‐lasting rechargeable batteries. The proposed concept can also be used for devising various systems and subsystems from underwater to outer space by using light weight supermalloy, which ensures high magnetic fluxes with relatively low current. Lucrative applications include nanomaterial‐enabled locomotive applications. Aerial robots regulated with the EMP system could be used for fostering pharmaceutical florae in the international space station for drug design to negate the recently discovered phenomenon of Sanal flow choking in cardiovascular system at gravity and/or microgravity conditions. This concept is originated from mind and aimed for lucrative product developments of yocto to yotta scale energy systems and beyond by discovering new magnetic materials through the fourth industrial revolution. Herein, a proof of the concept of an unrestricted solar‐battery driven push‐pull electromagnetic propulsion and energy conversion device by use of light weight high power magnetic materials is presented.

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RETRACTED: Lopsided Blood‐Thinning Drug Increases the Risk of Internal Flow Choking Leading to Shock Wave Generation Causing Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Disease

Cited by 11 publications

References 83 publications

Very Low and High Blood Viscosity Are Risk Factors for Internal Flow Choking Causing Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Disease

Very Low and High Blood Viscosity Are Risk Factors for Internal Flow Choking Causing Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Disease

The Physics of Detonation Chemistry: A Radical Theory in Predicting the Deflagration to Detonation Transition and Environmental Explosions

The proof of concept of uninterrupted push‐pull electromagnetic propulsion and energy conversion systems for drones and planet landers

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