[Retracted] Effect of the Reinforcement Phase on Indentation Resistance and Damage Characterization of Glass/Epoxy Laminates Using Acoustic Emission Monitoring

Kumar, C. Suresh; Prathap, P.; Prince, Martin; Bharathiraja, G.; Kannan, S.; Madhu, S.; Kumaran, P.

doi:10.1155/2021/5768730

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The slope of the force‐displacement curve just before the initial load drop is used to determine the linear stiffness of laminates, according to Ref. [36] and is improved by the addition of recycled milled fillers. The rmCF composite laminates have a linear stiffness 34.9% greater than the base composite, followed by the rmBF composites at 25% and the rmKF composites at 5.81%.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel approach to enhance the mechanical behavior of glass epoxy laminates with sustainable recycled milled fillers

Elango,

Santulli,

Vellayaraj

2024

Polymer Composites

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The aerospace, automotive, and energy industries can use fiber‐reinforced composites due to their high specific strength and stiffness. However, unexpected external impacts in work cause internal damage and residual strength loss in composite structures. Another ongoing issue is the sustainable management of composite materials' end‐of‐life. The quasi‐static indentation properties of glass epoxy composites are investigated in this study using different kinds of novel filler materials that are recycled from old composite materials: recycled milled carbon (rmCF), recycled milled Kevlar filler (rmKF), and an innovative hybrid filler (rmBF) composed of recycled milled carbon and Kevlar fillers (rmBF). Surface roughness and hardness studies assessed the quasi‐static indentation (QSI) response of neat glass epoxy and glass epoxy composites loaded with fillers using indentation force, absorbed energy, residual dent depth, and evolution of damage area. Compared to the baseline samples, the rmCF composites performed exceptionally well, showing a 16% increase in peak force, a 59% decrease in damaged area, and a 6.32% and 22.5% reduction in surface roughness, respectively (Ra and Sa). After QSI tests, rmC filler samples had 26.8% higher residual flexural strength than neat glass epoxy composites in a three‐point bending test. Through toughening mechanisms like filler interlocking and bridging, micrographs captured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that recycled fillers provide a higher level of stiffness, better energy dissipation, less damaged area, and overall improved hardness.Highlights Recycled milled carbon (rmCF) and Kevlar hybrid fillers (rmKF) have been integrated into glass/epoxy composites. The damage tolerance of glass epoxy composites was as a whole significantly improved by the rmCF integration. The Kevlar fillers' inadequate adhesion and interlaminar shear strength were compensated for by the Hybrid fillers (rmBF). Micrographs taken with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) clearly show the fillers' role in the resistance to damage propagation processes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel approach to enhance the mechanical behavior of glass epoxy laminates with sustainable recycled milled fillers

Elango,

Santulli,

Vellayaraj

2024

Polymer Composites

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“…However, a comprehensive damage characterization was made by correlating acoustic energy and mechanical strain energy for investigating the damage resistance in laminated composites 3,36 . This method was employed to evaluate the damage progression and residual strength of composite laminates under out-of-plane loading 1,37 . In fact, the aircraft structure has subjected to impact/indentation need not be normal to the plane of the structural elements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Stacking Sequence on Damage Resistance and Post-indentation Performance of Glass/Epoxy Laminates Under Different Loading Planes Using Acoustic Emission Monitoring

Bharathi¹,

Arumugam

Kumar

2023

Mat. Res.

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This research work focuses on the experimental investigation of indentation damage resistance and post-indented performance of different stacking sequence of glass/epoxy laminates using mechanical and acoustic responses. The laminates with stacking sequence, namely [0] 12 , [0/90] 6S , [+45/-45] 6S and [0/+45/-45/90] 3S were subjected to normal and inclined indentation with acoustic emission monitoring. Quasi-static indentation (QSI) test was conducted on the center of the laminates using a hemispherical steel indenter with 12.7 mm diameter. The residual strength of the laminates was computed by conducting flexural after indentation test. Mechanical responses such as peak force, residual dent, linear stiffness and absorbed energy were employed to assess induced damages. The results reveal that the quasi-isotropic (QIS) laminates having better indentation damage resistance under 0 o and 10 o loading planes, whereas the angle-ply (AP) laminates performed well at 20 o . Moreover, the normalised cumulative counts, energy rate, peak frequency, AE hits and sentry function were used to evaluate the damage initiation and propagation. Further, AE results show that the shear induced damage has been reduced in AP as compared with QIS laminates under 20 o indentation plane. Finally, this study concluded that the QIS and AP laminates exhibited better indentation resistance under 0 o and 10 o , and 20 o loading planes respectively.

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“…Tis article has been retracted by Hindawi, as publisher, following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [1]. Tis investigation has uncovered evidence of systematic manipulation of the publication and peer-review process.…”

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confidence: 99%