RETRACTED: Drosophila Ten-a is a maternal pair-rule and patterning gene

Abstract

The Ten-a gene of Drosophila melanogaster encodes several alternative variants of a full length member of the Odz/Tenm protein family. A number of Ten-a mutants created by inexact excisions of a resident P-element insertion are embryonic lethal, but show no pair-rule phenotype. In contrast, these mutants, and deficiencies removing Ten-a, do enhance the segmentation phenotype of a weak allele of the paralog gene odz (or Ten-m) to the odz amorphic phenotype. Germ line clone derived Ten-a(-) embryos display a pair-rule phenotype which phenocopies that of odz. Post segmentation eye patterning phenotypes of Ten-a mutants establish it as a pleiotropic patterning co-partner of odz.

Caenorhabditis elegansTeneurin,ten-1, Is Required for Gonadal and Pharyngeal Basement Membrane Integrity and Acts Redundantly with Integrinina-1and Dystroglycandgn-1

“…Moreover, defects in the ventral nerve cord, cardiac cells and eye patterning are found in late ten-m mutant embryos (Levine et al, 1994;Kinel-Tahan et al, 2007). Similar defects in cuticle and eye development have been observed for the second Drosophila teneurin gene, ten-a (Rakovitsky et al, 2007). In C. elegans, deletion in the ten-1 gene causes a pleiotropic phenotype, including gonad disorganization, nerve cord defasciculation, and defects in distal tip cell migration and axonal pathfinding (Drabikowski et al, 2005).…”

“…Teneurins are phylogenetically conserved among metazoans and they were described in several species, including ten-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans (Drabikowski et al, 2005), ten-m/odz and ten-a in Drosophila (Baumgartner et al, 1994;Levine et al, 1994;Fascetti and Baumgartner, 2002;Rakovitsky et al, 2007), zebrafish (Mieda et al, 1999), and in chicken (Minet et al, 1999;Tucker et al, 2000;Tucker et al, 2001;Rubin et al, 2002) and mouse (Oohashi et al, 1999;Ben-Zur et al, 2000;Zhou et al, 2003). In vertebrates, the four teneurin paralogs were named teneurin-1 to -4, ten-m1 to -m4, or odz-1 to -4.…”

Trans-synaptic Teneurin signalling in neuromuscular synapse organization and target choice

“…The following primary antibodies were used: mouse antibody to Ten-m (mAb20, 1:500) 40 , guinea pig antibody to Ten-a (1:100) 41 , mouse antibody to Brp (mAbnc82, 1:250) 42 , rabbit antibody to Synaptotagmin I (1:4000) 43 , mouse antibody to Cysteine String Protein (mAb6D6, 1:100) 44 , mouse antibody to Dlg (mAb4F3, 1:500) 45 , rabbit antibody to Dlg (1:40000) 46 , mouse antibody to α-spectrin (mAb3A9, 1:50) 47 , mouse antibody to Fasciclin II (mAb1D4, 1:20) 48 , rabbit antibody to Fasciclin II (1:5000) 46 , mouse antibody to Futsch (mAb22C10, 1:50) 20 , rabbit antibody to DGluRIII (1:2500) 15 , rat antibody to Elav (mAb7E8A10, 1:25) 49 , mouse antibody to Even-skipped (mAb3C10, 1:100) 50 , rabbit antibody to β-spectrin (1:1000) 51 , mouse antibody to Hts (1:500) 22 , guinea pig antibody to Wsp (1:1000) 52 . Alexa488-, Alexa546-, or Alexa647-conjugated secondary antibodies were used at 1:250 (Invitrogen).…”

Phylogenetic Analysis of the Teneurins: Conserved Features and Premetazoan Ancestry

“…Proline-rich Src homology 3 (SH3)–binding domains have been identified in the ICD of teneurins cloned from chordates and ecdysozoans, and ICD-interacting partners have been characterized that may mediate associations between teneurins and the cytoskeleton and methylated DNA (Nunes et al 2005). Mutation analysis and RNAi-mediated knockdown of teneurin expression in D. melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans reveal fundamental roles for teneurins in pattern formation (Baumgartner et al 1994; Rakovitsky et al 2007), axonal fasciculation (Drabikowski et al 2005), and the integrity of basement membranes (Trzebiatowska et al 2008). In chordates, teneurins are best studied in mouse and chicken, where they are predominantly expressed in the developing nervous system in area-specific patterns mediated in part by EMX2 (Li et al 2006; Beckmann et al 2011).…”