[Retracted] Development of Microneedle Patch Loaded with Bacopa monnieri Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for the Effective Management of Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract

The demand for drug delivery systems (DDS) to treat Parkinson’s disease (PD) is still high, and microneedle (MN) assisted transdermal DDS offers enormous potential. Herbal products for PD have been shown to have antioxidant effects in reducing dopaminergic neurons from degeneration. Here, we attempted to incorporate solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of Bacopa monnieri into dissolvable microneedle arrays and evaluate its neuroprotective activity. The bloodless and painless microneedle arrays through the transdermal route deliver the drug across the blood-brain barrier at the desired concentration. The quality by design (QbD) approach was employed for optimizing the SLNs formulations. The mechanical strength, in vitro release studies, ex-vivo permeation investigation, skin irritation test, histopathological studies, biochemical studies, and behavioural tests SLNs loaded microneedle arrays were performed. The microneedle patches obtained were shown to be mechanically robust and were also found to be nonirritant with a decreased degree of bradykinesia, high motor coordination, and balance ability. Compared to systemic delivery systems, such an MN method can achieve a considerably lower effective dose and allow long-term home-based treatment.

Recent Advancements in Phyto Component Based Nanocarriers for Improved Treatment of Brain Disorders

“…The experimental phyto constituent loaded microneedle patches were shown to be mechanically robust, nonirritant. The optimized formulation was also found to produce decreased degree of bradykinesia along with high motor coordination, and balance ability [66]. In another study, neuronal protective effect of photoactive component of Ginsen delivered in nanoparticle formulation was investigated.…”

Nanophytomedicines as Therapeutic Agents for Parkinson’s Disease

“…115 Tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine levels were increased by curcumin, 99 resveratrol, 103 hypericum hookerianum, 113 schisantherin A, 87 epigallocatechin gallate, 115 paeoniflorin, 93 glinkogide B, 90,91 lutein, 111 puerarin, 92 pueperine, 104 and fitesin. 107 Finally, motor symptoms in animal models were improved by fisetin, 107 Bacopa monnieri, 107 resveratrol, 94 pueperine, 104 puerarine, 92 curcumin, 112,122 lutein, 111 glinkogide B, 90,91 paeoniflorin, 93 and schisantherin A. 86,87 4.4.…”

“…Table shows the potential therapeutic effects of nanophytomedicines in the 24 studies that involved in vivo PD models. Parkinsonism or PD-related symptoms were induced using neurotoxins, of which MPP + − ,,− ,,− or rotenone ,− were the most common. The in vivo models that were treated with neurotoxins included rats, ,,,,− ,, mice, ,− ,,− , zebrafish, , and Drosophila melanogaster .…”

“…Three of the studies used more than one animal model, since they investigated both drug release properties and the therapeutic effects of the drug. ,, The phytochemicals that were most frequently used in these studies were resveratrol (concentrations ranging from 5 to 40 mg/kg) ,,, and curcumin (concentrations ranging from 15 to 50 mg/kg). ,,, These phytomedicines, as well as others mentioned in Table , were encapsulated in the following NPs: gelatin nanostructured lipid carriers (GNL), poly­(lactic acid) (PLA) NPs, AuNPs, NCs, ,, mPEG-PLGA NPs, Superparamagentic iron oxide nanocubes (SPIONs), cerasomes, black phosphorus nanosheets, BA-poly (2-(dimethylamino)­ethyl acrylate (BAP) and BB-poly­(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl acrylate (BBP) polymers, PEG and PCL polymers, PLGA, graphene oxide, and glycine nanoselenium . The most common route of administration of the phyto-nanomedicines was tail vein injections, − ,,, followed by gavage, ,,,, oral, ,,, intravenous, ,, intranasal, , intraperitoneal, , or a microneedle patch administration. , The duration of the treatments ranged from 5 min to 35 days. Treatment with the therapeutic agents used in these studies demonstrated protective effects, with the majority showing an increase in glutathione (GSH) ,,,,,, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, ,,,,, a decrease or attenuation in lipid peroxidation, …”

“…The most common route of administration of the phyto-nanomedicines was tail vein injections, − ,,, followed by gavage, ,,,, oral, ,,, intravenous, ,, intranasal, , intraperitoneal, , or a microneedle patch administration. , The duration of the treatments ranged from 5 min to 35 days. Treatment with the therapeutic agents used in these studies demonstrated protective effects, with the majority showing an increase in glutathione (GSH) ,,,,,, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, ,,,,, a decrease or attenuation in lipid peroxidation, ,,,− the prevention of neuronal TH + decrease, ,,,,,,,, an increase in dopamine levels, − ,, and an improvement of locomotor skills. ,,− ,,,,,,,, …”