RETRACTED: Daily running promotes spatial learning and memory in rats

Alaei, Hojjatallah; Moloudi, Mohammad Raman; Sarkaki, Alireza; Azizi-Malekabadi, Hamid; Hänninen, Osmo

doi:10.1016/j.pathophys.2007.07.001

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Rats in the exercise groups committed less errors in the maze during acquisition phase and memory trials (short-term, intermediate-term and long-term) as compared to sedentary groups. The observed exercise effect confirms the findings of previous studies suggesting that regular physical activities improve all types of memories (Bohannon, 1993;Emery et al, 1995;Sallis et al, 1999;Laurin et al, 2001;Radak et al, 2001;Shirayama et al, 2002;Molteni et al, 2004;Alaei et al, 2007;Ploughman, 2008), However, few studies reported no improvement in memory formation in rats following voluntary exercise (Barnes et al, 1991;Braszko et al, 2001), which might be attributed to variations in strain, age of the animals used, and memory tests.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Studies on rats and mice suggest that exercise improves learning and memory formation (Radak et al, 2001;Molteni et al, 2004;Alaei et al, 2007;Ploughman, 2008), neutralizes defects in brain function associated with aging (Laurin et al, 2001;Stranahan et al, 2008), enhances neurogenesis and facilitates functional recovery following brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases (Bohannon, 1993;Grealy et al, 1999;Aberg et al, 2008;Naylor et al, 2008), and counteracts the effect of depression (Shirayama et al, 2002;Zheng et al, 2006). In addition, exercise promotes long-term potentiation (LTP), which serves as a molecular model for the synaptic events underlying memory formation (van Praag et al, 1999;Farmer et al, 2004;O'Callaghan et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in spatial memory and BDNF expression to concurrent dietary restriction and voluntary exercise

Khabour¹,

Alzoubi²,

Alomari³

et al. 2009

Hippocampus

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Substantial data suggest that cognitive function can be influenced by many lifestyle activities associated with changes in energy metabolism such as exercise and diet. In the current study, we investigated the combined effects of voluntary exercise (access to running wheels) and dietary restriction (every other day fasting, EODF) on spatial memory formation and on the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus of Wistar male rats. Spatial learning and memory formation was assessed using the radial arm water maze (RAWM) paradigm, while BDNF protein was measured using ELISA test. Voluntary exercise and/or EODF were instituted for 6 weeks. Voluntary exercise alone significantly enhanced short-term, intermediate-term, and long-term memory formation, and increased BDNF protein levels in the hippocampus. EODF enhanced mean running wheel activity by approximately twofold. However, EODF did not modulate the effects of exercise on memory formation and expression of BDNF. In addition, EODF alone had no effect on memory and BDNF protein in the hippocampus. In conclusion, results of this study indicate that exercise enhanced while EODF had neutral effect on both spatial memory formation and hippocampus BDNF levels.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in spatial memory and BDNF expression to concurrent dietary restriction and voluntary exercise

Khabour¹,

Alzoubi²,

Alomari³

et al. 2009

Hippocampus

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“…One weakness of the current study is the difference in housing conditions between the phase shifted groups (individually housed with a wheel) and the non-phase shifted controls (pair housed without a wheel). Voluntary wheel running has been shown to enhance performance on the water maze in both young and aged rats (Adlard et al, 2004;Vaynmann et al, 2004;Alaei et al, 2007). However, I do not believe that using control rats that were housed without a wheel has altered my main finding of a learning and memory deficit following chronic phase shifting.…”

Section: Circadian Rhythms and Cognitive Impairmentmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Alternatively the presence of a running wheel (an intervention shown to enhance spatial memory and increase the expression of neurotrophic factors; Adlard et ah, 2004;Vaynmann et al, 2004;Alaei et al, 2007) was able to compensate for the combination of the two risk factors resulting in the lack of impairment in this group. …”

Section: Cholinergic Depletion Combined With a Passive Risk Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting the cholinergic hypothesis in the development of Alzheimer's disease

Craig

Hong

McDonald

2011

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

402

263

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting the elderly population today; however, there is currently no accurate description of the etiology of this devastating disorder. No single factor theory has been demonstrated as being causative; however, an alternative theory suggests that the interaction of multiple risk factors is responsible for AD. In this thesis I present data suggesting a neuroprotective role for acetylcholine during aging. Using a rat model of cholinergic depletion of the medial septum, I explored the effects of four common risk factors for AD (stress, seizures, stroke and circadian dysfunction) targeted at the hippocampus and examined the effects on measures of hippocampal dependent (water maze) and hippocampal independent (fear conditioning) memory. Here, I propose a role for acetylcholinemediated compensatory mechanisms in the functional recovery observed following sub threshold insults similar to those commonly observed in the elderly. m First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Robert McDonald. Thank you for your support and encouragement, and for allowing me the independence to pursue my own projects and to learn from my experiences. I would also like to thank Nhung Hong for doing the majority of the cholinergic depletion and stroke surgeries used in this thesis and for teaching me the techniques. I would like to give a huge thank you to Joelle Kopp who was an invaluable asset who assisted in histology and spent many hours on the microscope counting cholinergic neurons. I would also like to thank Dr. Christine Werk for patiently reading and re-reading early drafts of my papers and this thesis and Dr.Hugo Lehmann for all his help in running statistics and interpreting my data. In addition, many thanks go out to Courtney Lamb, Robert Court and Arthur Verhoef for helping me with histology and behavioural testing, to Keri Colwell for running the corticosterone assays, the Metz lab for kindly allowing me the use of their microscope and to Karen Dow-Cazel and the rest of the animal care staff for taking care of my rats and helping me set up the circadian experiements. The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease 6 Acknowledgements IVThe basal forebrain cholinergic system 8The role of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in learning and memory 10The current state of the cholinergic hypothesis of Alzhimer's disease 15Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease 16Multiple combinations of co-factors theory of Alzheimer's disease 22The role of the hippocampus in learning and memory 24Objective of the present thesis 25Chapter 2: A series of pilot studies to determine the threshold for behaviourally sub threshold stroke, seizures and stress 28Abstract 29Experiment la: The effect of a chronic variable stress schedule on performance of the water maze task 32 Materials and Methods 33Results 36Experiment lb: The effects of a variable restraint stress procedure on levels of blood borne CORT 39 Materials and Methods 39Results 40Discussion 41Experiment 2: T...

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“…Doing that identified the sick or lazy rats which then excluded them from the next steps. The running period for exercise 1 group was 90 min for 11 days with the level slope of 15 • and the rate of 15 m/min [22,23] and then after a 30-min break the rats were inserted in a self-administration apparatus. In Exercise 2 group, the rats ran 90 min each day for 30 days, then iv cannulation was carried out and then they were allowed to recover from surgery and finally, they were placed in the self-administration apparatus.…”

Section: Wheel Runningmentioning

confidence: 99%