Retracted Article: ZnO nanoparticles affect intestinal function in anin vitromodel

Abstract

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP) may be present in food packaging, which would put consumers at risk of NP ingestion. There is little information on the amount of ZnO NP that are present in food packaging and the effects of ZnO exposure on intestinal function. To estimate physiologically relevant ZnO exposures, foods that are naturally low in zinc (Zn), but are commonly packaged with ZnO NP, such as tuna, corn, and asparagus, were analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). It was found that the Zn present in a serving of these foods is approximately one hundred times higher than the recommended dietary allowance. An in vitro model of the small intestine composed of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells was used to investigate the effects of ZnO NP exposure. Cells were exposed to physiologically realistic doses of pristine NP in culture medium and to NP subjected to an in vitro digestion to better reflect the transformation that the NP may undergo once they enter the human GI tract. Uptake and/or transport of iron (Fe), Zn, glucose, and fatty acids were assessed and intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) levels were measured before and after NP exposure. The findings show that there is a 75% decrease in Fe transport and a 30% decrease in glucose transport following ZnO NP exposure. These decreases were consistent with gene expression changes for their transporters. There is also evidence that the ZnO NP affect the microvilli of the intestinal cells, therefore reducing the amount of surface area available to absorb nutrients. These results suggest that the ingestion of physiologically relevant doses of ZnO NP can alter intestinal function in an in vitro model of the human small intestine.

Silicon dioxide nanoparticle exposure affects small intestine function in anin vitromodel

“…In a study by Wang et al, exposure to relevant levels of food-grade SiO 2 NP resulted in a net loss (43%) and disorganization of brush border microvilli (Yang, Faust, Schoepf, Hristovski, Capco, Herckes and Westerhoff, 2016). ZnO NP, which are commonly used in food packaging, affect the microvilli of in vitro intestinal cells at doses relevant to human exposures (Moreno-Olivas, Tako and Mahler, 2018). Chronic exposure (14 days) in vivo to carboxylated, polystyrene NP resulted in remodeling of the intestinal villi, which increased the surface area available for nutrient absorption (Mahler, Esch, Tako, Southard, Archer, Glahn and Shuler, 2012).…”

ZnO and TiO2 Nanocolloids: State of Mechanisms that Regulating the Motility of the Gastrointestinal Tract and the Hepatobiliary System

“…According to the data of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (21CFR 182.8991), zinc oxide is also used as a food additive. 14,15 With long-term intake of ZnO nanomaterials, there is an unanswered question about the motility of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), whose abnormal processes of regulating excitation−inhibition 16,17 may cause its impaired functioning, for instance, the changes in intestinal pressure, and thus in the filtration of solutions, aqueous nanocolloids, from the gastric cavity and intestines to blood and lymph and in the movement of chyme residues. There is a pharmacological aspect of the problem related to one of the relevant links in regulating GIT motilitythe states of M3 and M2 cholinoreception under these conditionsan important targeted component of most drugs.…”

Functionalized Surface-Charged SiO2 Nanoparticles Induce Pro-Inflammatory Responses, but Are Not Lethal to Caco-2 Cells

“…Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit peculiar physicochemical features and biomedical properties at the nanoscale level. , Nanomaterials have been used in many applications in the fields of medicine, microelectronics, catalysis, cosmetics, drug delivery, and imaging. − The use of engineered NPs in the food industry has been growing rapidly in recent years, based on their added benefits, such as improvement of taste and texture, prolongation of shelf life, and enhancement of nutritional values. , Among the engineered NPs, silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), and zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs are manufactured in large quantities and used commercially as food additives. − Since NPs are currently widely used in food, analysis of any toxicity especially on the digestive system is necessary at this stage in order to understand their in vivo behavior as well as to detect any toxic effects.…”