RETRACTED ARTICLE: Tridax procumbens flavonoids promote osteoblast differentiation and bone formation

Abstract

BackgroundTridax procumbens flavonoids (TPFs) are well known for their medicinal properties among local natives. Besides traditionally used for dropsy, anemia, arthritis, gout, asthma, ulcer, piles, and urinary problems, it is also used in treating gastric problems, body pain, and rheumatic pains of joints. TPFs have been reported to increase osteogenic functioning in mesenchymal stem cells. Our previous study showed that TPFs were significantly suppressed the RANKL-induced differentiation of osteoclasts and bone resorption. However, the effects of TPFs to promote osteoblasts differentiation and bone formation remain unclear. TPFs were isolated from Tridax procumbens and investigated for their effects on osteoblasts differentiation and bone formation by using primary mouse calvarial osteoblasts.ResultsTPFs promoted osteoblast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner demonstrated by up-regulation of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. TPFs also upregulated osteoblast differentiation related genes, including osteocalcin, osterix, and Runx2 in primary osteoblasts. TPFs treated primary osteoblast cells showed significant upregulation of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) including Bmp-2, Bmp-4, and Bmp-7. Addition of noggin, a BMP specific-antagonist, inhibited TPFs induced upregulation of the osteocalcin, osterix, and Runx2.ConclusionOur findings point towards the induction of osteoblast differentiation by TPFs and suggested that TPFs could be a potential anabolic agent to treat patients with bone loss-associated diseases such as osteoporosis.

Flavonoids compounds from Tridax procumbens inhibit osteoclast differentiation by down‐regulating c‐Fos activation

“…Previously, we showed that TPFs could suppress RANKL‐induced osteoclast differentiating marker genes expressions such as TRAP, cathepsin K, MMP‐9 and MMP‐13 . We have also reported the anabolic potential of TPFs on osteoblast differentiation and bone formation by enhancing expressions of ALP, osteocalcin, type 1 collagen, Runx2, osterix, BMP‐2 and BMP‐7 . In the present study, we examined the effects of TPF on LPS‐induced osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in primary mouse osteoclasts.…”

“…9 We have also reported the anabolic potential of TPFs on osteoblast differentiation and bone formation by enhancing expressions of ALP, osteocalcin, type 1 collagen, Runx2, osterix, BMP-2 and BMP-7. 10,11 In the present study, we examined the effects of TPF on LPS-induced osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in primary mouse osteoclasts. We found that TPF decreased LPS-induced TRAP and ACP activities, and suppressed bone resorption without affecting the osteoclasts viability ( Figure 1A-H), suggesting that the inhibition of osteoclast generation by TPF was not owing to adverse side effect on the cells.…”

“…It was reported that the TPFs could inhibit osteoclasts differentiation‐related marker genes expression, including tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), cathepsin K, matrix metallopeptidase‐9 (MMP‐9) and MMP‐13 in mouse osteoclasts . Another study investigated that the TPFs induced the differentiation and bone‐forming activity of osteoblasts by enhancing the levels of osteoblast differentiation‐related markers, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin, type 1 collagen, runt‐related transcription factor (Runx2), osterix, bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2), BMP‐4 and BMP‐7 . Recently, we showed that the only ethyl ether fraction of Tridax procumbens flavonoids (TPF) was significantly induced higher bone mass by increasing bone mineral density and bone mineral content in low calcium diet mice model compared with control .…”

“…9 Another study investigated that the TPFs induced the differentiation and bone-forming activity of osteoblasts by enhancing the levels of osteoblast differentiation-related markers, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin, type 1 collagen, runt-related transcription factor (Runx2), osterix, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), BMP-4 and BMP-7. 10 Recently, we showed that the only ethyl ether fraction of Tridax procumbens flavonoids (TPF) was significantly induced higher bone mass by increasing bone mineral density and bone mineral content in low calcium diet mice model compared with control. 11 In that report, bone formation parameters, bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV), number of osteoblast (N.Ob), osteoblast surface/bone surface (Ob.S/BS), mineralizing surface/bone surface (MS/BS), mineral apposition rate (MAR) and bone formation rate (BFR) were enhanced in TPF-treated mice compared with control.…”

Emerging Importance of Phytochemicals in Regulation of Stem Cells Fate via Signaling Pathways

“…Tridax procumbens flavonoids (TPFs), generally known as coat buttons or tridax daisy, is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family (Gubbiveeranna and Nagaraju, ). Traditionally, TPFs are used for treatment of many diseases such as digestive problems and amelioration of pain (Al Mamun et al ., a). Recently, Al Mamun and colleagues demonstrated that TPFs promote osteoblast differentiation dose‐dependently at concentrations of 0, 50 and 100 μg/mL by up‐regulation of ALP, OCN, Osx and RUNX2.…”