RETRACTED ARTICLE: The effects of probiotics on mental health and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in petrochemical workers

Abstract

The consumption of probiotic yogurt or a multispecies probiotic capsule had beneficial effects on mental health parameters in petrochemical workers.

Efficacy of Probiotics on Anxiety: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

“…In our initial search, 128 articles were examined. Eventually, 10 studies [20,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] involving 660 human subjects were identified that fulfilled the selection criteria (Table 1). One study used two scales for assessment, and we included both sets of subjects into the total numbers [34].…”

Effect of Probiotics on Central Nervous System Functions in Animals and Humans: A Systematic Review

“…55,59 Only one study in humans investigated metabolites of the tryptophan pathway but did not find any significant change by probiotics. 52 Many of the human studies looked at bowel function, and they did find reduced difficulties in bowel movement, IBS severity, and symptoms in patients. 54,56,58,60 Microbiota analysis helped to confirm that fecal microbiota were altered by probiotic intervention: Lactobacillus was increased and Clostridium decreased by L. plantarum, whereas Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus were increased by L. casei Shirota.…”

“…One study compared a probiotic capsule (containing Lactobacillus casei, L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, B. breve, B. longum, and Streptococcus thermophilus) and a probiotic yogurt (containing B. lactis and L. acidophilus) with the combination of conventional yogurt and a placebo capsule, and found the former two were more effective in alleviating distress, anxiety, and depression in petrochemical workers. 52 A recent study using multi-strain probiotics found improvement in the LEIDS-r score, which is predictive of depression. 53 Two studies by Messaoudi et al 39,61 found probiotic formulations of B. longum and L. helveticus could improve anxiety and depression in all participants, and also in those who had lower urinary free cortisol levels at baseline.…”

“…Fifteen studies tested healthy participants with respect to anxiety, depression, distress levels, mood state, and behavior problems. 39,[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] The measurement tools included the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), the Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity-Revised (LEIDS-r), the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Development Behavior Checklist (DBC), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-90), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Coping Checklist (CCL) (also used to counter the stress of daily life), and the questionnaire-based Profile of Mood State (POMS). Due to the different questionnaires, scales, and their combinations used in these studies, we only report here whether the probiotics treatment improved mental health/mood.…”

Psychological Impact of Probiotics and Fermented Foods on Mental Health of Human in Integrated Healthy Lifestyle

“…Results reported that, probiotic supplement group has significantly decreased Beck Depression Inventory compared with the placebo group (Akkasheh et al, 2016 (Mohammadi et al, 2016).…”