RETRACTED ARTICLE: The COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on environment: the case of the major cities in Pakistan

Khan, Yousaf Ali

doi:10.1007/s11356-021-13851-4

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…On the other hand, the socio-economic consequences due to pandemic are the biggest challenge that is faced by the people in Pakistan that have also been claimed in various studies conducted on Pakistan economy during COVID-19. For instance, Khan (2021) in his study has conducted a thorough assessment of COVID-19 and its socio-economic effects on the major cities of Pakistan. Besides the socio-economic effects, the pandemic has an overall role to play with the psyche of the people, making them conscious of their children's lives and having them locked insides their houses which is a severe depressive moment affecting both the mental and physical health of the students and the parents in Pakistan.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives on the Factors Affecting Students’ Dropout Rate During COVID-19: A Case Study From Pakistan

et al. 2022

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Education has always been considered as the linchpin for a country’s economic and social development. The dropout rate in schools especially in developing countries has always been a problematic issue and the situation has further been worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study primarily aims at studying the factors affecting the school dropout rate during the pandemic. Lockdown is the first step that any country starts to adopt for the safety of its general public. This severely affects the masses’ financial conditions, especially for the parents of students at risk, as the dropout rate increases with financial pressures. The slogan “stay home stay safe” has further aggravated the fear of the parents to send their children out and attend schools. The data for the study was collected from 20 public and private schools of two divisions, including seven districts of the province of Punjab, Pakistan, using interviews of policymakers, parents of dropouts, teachers, and students. The study is a corollary to several issues already highlighted in various other articles to transpire the details of drop-out rates in developing countries in general and Pakistan in particular. The study revealed financial conditions, lockdown effects, mode of learning, government policies, fear of death, the psyche of the parents, socio-cultural effects, the role of teachers and administrators, most affected level, and some contributory factors amongst the major factors. Finally, the study analyzes the effects of dropout and will help suggest measures to control the dropout rate in Pakistan in particular and developing countries in general.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives on the Factors Affecting Students’ Dropout Rate During COVID-19: A Case Study From Pakistan

et al. 2022

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“…Bimodality is similar to the traffic flow; however, the peaks are more flattened and slightly shifted in time (Figures 3 and 4). The morning peak, as for traffic flow, occurs at 7 a.m., however, the afternoon rush is delayed by about 4 h for the traffic station (19)(20)(21), by 5 h for the background station K and 6 h (21-23) for the background station B. The delay of the afternoon peaks is related to the accumulation (station W) and the time of transport of pollutants from the source-the city center to the further areas (stations K and B).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Islam et al [18], for the period March-June in Bangladesh, determined the concentration reduction of PM 2.5 by 17.31%, NO 2 by 10.33, SO 2 by 47.92 and CO by 6.07%. Khan [19], for Pakistan, identified significant decrease in the levels of PM 2.5 ranging from 15 to 35% for satellite observations, while 27 to 61% for ground-based observations. Some authors compare the concentration of pollutants over a period of several years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Has COVID-19 Lockdown Affected on Air Quality?—Different Time Scale Case Study in Wrocław, Poland

2021

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Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there are series of negative economic consequences, however, in limiting mobility and reducing the number of vehicles, positive effects can also be observed, i.e., improvement of air quality. The paper presents an analysis of air quality measured by concentrations of NO2, NOx and PM2.5 during the most restrictive lockdown from 10 March to 31 May 2020 on the case of Wrocław. The results were compared with the reference period—2016–2019. A significant reduction in traffic volume was identified, on average by 26.3%. The greatest reduction in the concentration of NO2 and NOx was recorded at the station farthest from the city center, characterized by the lowest concentrations: 20.1% and 22.4%. Lower reduction in the average concentrations of NO2 and NOx was recorded at the municipal station (7.9% and 7.7%) and the communication station (6.7% and 10.2%). Concentrations of PMs in 2020 were on average 15% and 13.4% lower than in the reference period for the traffic station and the background station. The long-term impact of the lockdown on air quality was also examined. The analysis of the concentrations of the pollutants throughout 2020, and in the analyzed period of 2021, indicated that the reduction of concentrations and the improvement in air quality caused by the restrictions should be considered as a temporary anomaly, without affecting long-term changes and trends.

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“…On the other hand, one of its positive impacts on the environment is the air pollution reduction in most parts of the World. [6] The decline and changes of NO2, PM2.5 and PM10 have been observed in many countries from the first to the mid of Q2 of 2020 (15-May-2020) [6][7][8] most countries have a lot of lock-down days in this period [6]: Pakistan [9][10][11][12], Afghanistan and India [13,14], Turkmenistan [15] ,Azerbaijan [8] ,Armenia [8], Turkey [16,17], Iraq [18,19], Kazakhstan [20], Bahrain [21,22], Kuwait [23], Oman [8], Qatar [24], Saudi Arabia [25][26][27][28], UAE [29][30][31][32], Asia [33] and Iran [34][35][36][37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lock-Down Effects of COVID-19 on the Air Pollution Indices in Iran and Its Neighbors

Fayaz¹

2022

Preprint

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IntroductionThe Covid-19 restrictions have a lot of various peripheral negative and positive effects like economic shocks and decreasing air pollution, respectively. Many studies showed NO2 reduction in most parts of the world. MethodIran and its land and maritime neighbors have about 7.4% of the world population and 6.3% and 5.8% of World COVID-19 cases and deaths, respectively. The air pollution indices of them such as CH4 (Methane), CO_1 (CO), H2O (Water), HCHO (Tropospheric Atmospheric Formaldehyde), NO2 (Nitrogen oxides), O3 (ozone), SO2 (Sulfur Dioxide), UVAI_AAI (UV Aerosol Index (UVAI) / Absorbing Aerosol Index (AAI)) are studied from the First quarter of 2019 to the fourth quarter of 2021 with Copernicus Sentinel 5 Precursor (S5P) satellite dataset from Google Earth Engine. The outliers are detected based on the depth functions. We use a two-sample t-test, Wilcoxon test, and interval-wise testing for functional data to control the family-wise error rate.ResultThe adjusted p-value comparison between Q2 of 2019 and Q2 of 2020 in NO2 for almost all countries is statistically significant except Iraq, UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, and Kuwait. But the CO and HCHO are not statistically significant in any country. Although CH4, O3, and UVAI_AAI are statistically significant for some countries. In the Q2 comparison for NO2 between 2020 and 2021, only Iran, Armenia, Turkey, UAE, and Saudi Arabia are statistically significant. But Ch4 is statistically significant for all countries except Azerbaijan.ConclusionThe comparison with and without adjusted p-values declares the decreases in some air pollution in these countries.

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RETRACTED ARTICLE: The COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on environment: the case of the major cities in Pakistan

Cited by 13 publications

References 41 publications

Perspectives on the Factors Affecting Students’ Dropout Rate During COVID-19: A Case Study From Pakistan

Perspectives on the Factors Affecting Students’ Dropout Rate During COVID-19: A Case Study From Pakistan

Has COVID-19 Lockdown Affected on Air Quality?—Different Time Scale Case Study in Wrocław, Poland

The Lock-Down Effects of COVID-19 on the Air Pollution Indices in Iran and Its Neighbors

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