RETRACTED ARTICLE: Neuromuscular Specializations of the Human Hypopharyngeal Muscles

Mohammed, Mohammed Elrabie Ahmed; Mu, Liancai; Abdelfattah, Hesham Mostafa

doi:10.1007/s00455-020-10212-0

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…The pharyngeal muscles include complex circular striated muscles of the outer layer: upper, middle, and lower pharyngeal constrictor. A fourth cricothyropharyngeus muscle arises from the cricoid arch until it crosses the inferior constrictor muscle, in particular, the cricolaryngeal portion; with loose connective bundles, it attaches to the lower horn of the thyroid gland and to the cricothyroid joint [61]. The external pharyngeal longitudinal muscles include the stylopharyngeal, salpingopharyngeal, and palatopharyngeal (previously described) [61].…”

Section: Review Functional Anatomy and Adaptation Of The Upper Respir...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A fourth cricothyropharyngeus muscle arises from the cricoid arch until it crosses the inferior constrictor muscle, in particular, the cricolaryngeal portion; with loose connective bundles, it attaches to the lower horn of the thyroid gland and to the cricothyroid joint [61]. The external pharyngeal longitudinal muscles include the stylopharyngeal, salpingopharyngeal, and palatopharyngeal (previously described) [61]. The pharyngeal constricting muscles (PC), as regards the passage of air, are activated to increase the pharyngeal tone in the presence of negative pressure, avoiding the collapsibility of the pharyngeal tube: they manage the lumen of the pharynx [61].…”

Section: Review Functional Anatomy and Adaptation Of The Upper Respir...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The external pharyngeal longitudinal muscles include the stylopharyngeal, salpingopharyngeal, and palatopharyngeal (previously described) [61]. The pharyngeal constricting muscles (PC), as regards the passage of air, are activated to increase the pharyngeal tone in the presence of negative pressure, avoiding the collapsibility of the pharyngeal tube: they manage the lumen of the pharynx [61]. The lower PCs are able to pull the hyoid bone posteriorly [39].…”

Section: Review Functional Anatomy and Adaptation Of The Upper Respir...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Role of the Diaphragm

Bordoni¹,

Escher²,

Toccafondi³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) causes multiple local and systemic pathophysiological consequences, which lead to an increase in morbidity and mortality in patients suffering from this disorder. OSA presents with various nocturnal events of apnoeas or hypopneas and with sub-clinical airflow limitations during wakefulness. OSA involves a large percentage of the population, particularly men, but the estimate of OSA patients could be much broader than data from the literature. Most of the research carried out in the muscle field is to understand the causes of the presence of chronic nocturnal desaturation and focus on the genioglossus muscle and other muscles related to dilating the upper airways. Sparse research has been published regarding the diaphragm muscle, which is the main muscle structure to insufflate air into the airways. The article reviews the functional anatomy of the muscles used to open the upper respiratory tract and the non-physiological adaptation that follows in the presence of OSA, as well as the functional anatomy and pathological adaptive aspects of the diaphragm muscle. The intent of the text is to highlight the disparity of clinical interest between the dilator muscles and the diaphragm, trying to stimulate a broader approach to patient evaluation.

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Section: Review Functional Anatomy and Adaptation Of The Upper Respir...mentioning

confidence: 99%