RETRACTED ARTICLE: Biological and Biochemical Potential of Sea Snake Venom and Characterization of Phospholipase A2 and Anticoagulation Activity

Abstract

This study is designed to isolate and purify a novel anti-clotting protein component from the venom of Enhydrina schistosa, and explore its biochemical and biological activities. The active protein was purified from the venom of E. schistosa by ion-exchange chromatography using DEAE-cellulose. The venom protein was tested by various parameters such as, proteolytic, haemolytic, phospholipase and anti-coagulant activities. 80 % purity was obtained in the final stage of purification and the purity level of venom was revealed as a single protein band of about 44 kDa in SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis under reducing conditions. The results showed that the Potent hemolytic activity was observed against cow, goat, chicken and human (A, B and O positive) erythrocytes. Furthermore, the clotting assays showed that the venom of E. schistosa significantly prolonged in activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and prothrombin time. Venomous enzymes which hydrolyzed casein and gelatin substrate were found in this venom protein. Gelatinolytic activity was optimal at pH 5-9 and 1 H NMR analysis of purified venom was the base line information for the structural determination. These results suggested that the E. schistosa venom holds good promise for the development of novel lead compounds for pharmacological applications in near future.

Glycosaminoglycans from a Sea Snake (Lapemis curtus): Extraction, Structural Characterization and Antioxidant Activity

“…The oil in the viscera of the Erabu sea snake is used as a functional food in Japan [ 7 ]. The current research on sea snakes mainly focuses on the snake venom, which is mainly considered to be used in the treatment of infectious, hematological, inflammatory, cardiovascular, and malignant diseases [ 8 ]. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no systematic study of sea snake polysaccharides.…”

Exploring nature’s antidote: unveiling the inhibitory potential of selected medicinal plants from Kisumu, Kenya against venom from some snakes of medical significance in sub-Saharan Africa

“…The A. salina model has been used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of medicinal plants (Nguta et al, 2011;Mwangi et al, 2015), environmental contaminants (Barahona and Sanchez-Fortun, 1999;Sanchez-Fortun and Barahona, 2009), and venom (Damotharan et al, 2015;Okumu et al, 2021). The present work was a continuation of our previous work where we investigated the capacity of two antivenoms to neutralize NAV-induced cytotoxicity in A. salina (Okumu et al, 2020).…”