RETRACTED ARTICLE: Assessing the nexus between financial development and energy finance through demand- and supply-oriented physical disruption in crude oil

Abstract

Since 1970, numerous governments have established strategic petroleum reserves (SPRs) in relation to oil supply interruptions. In this study, important oil reserves, physical oil supply disruption and social welfare losses due to physical distribution of oil supply have been measured. The physical oil supply disruption has been measured in the form of oil supply vulnerability index and oil volatility index of the South Asian economies. Analysis reveals that the accumulation and drawdown of important national crude oil strategic petroleum reserves where the state wants to optimize individual social welfare while individuals hold over stock optimize their earnings levels. The monetary deciding factors utilize the government’s optimum important stockpile policy and simultaneously the amount and economic factors vital for the nongovernment market to actuate the optimum accumulation and nonaccumulation of important fossil fuels stockpile. Additionally, findings show that India is the lowest crude oil insecure country while Afghanistan and Bangladesh are the highest insecure countries in terms of oil supply. India’s topmost mark shows a bigger possibility to alter the fossil fuels producers while Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal have the minimum mark corroborating the group as the utmost producer risk exposed nations.

Adaptation measurement: Assessing municipal climate risks to inform adaptation policy in the Slovak Republic

“…In Bratislava, Slovakia's capital city, one of the goals of the Action Plan for Adaptation to the Adverse Consequences of Climate Change in Bratislava for the years 2017-2020 (Capital City of the Slovak Republic Bratislava, 2017 [16]) is to assess the region's climate risks and its vulnerability. As a response, in 2020, the city has developed a risk and vulnerability assessment, the Atlas of assessment of vulnerability and risks of adverse effects of climate change (Chief Architect's Department of Bratislava, the Capital of Slovak Republic, 2020 [17]).…”