Abstract:Summary
Bone defects caused by trauma and surgery are common clinical problems encountered by orthopedic surgeons. Thus, a hard-textured, natural-like biomaterial that enables encapsulated cells to obtain the much-needed biophysical stimulation and produce functional bone tissue is needed. Incorporating nanomaterials into cell-laden hydrogels is a straightforward tactic for producing tissue engineering structures that integrate perfectly with the body and for tailoring the material characteristics o… Show more
“…The successful composite formation of PNIPAM with various materials, e.g., hyaluronic acid (HA) [ 64 , 65 ], zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles [ 66 ], silver nanoparticles [ 67 ], hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles [ 68 ], carbon nanoparticles [ 69 ], etc. ; for tissue engineering and wound healing has been reported in several investigations [ 70 , 71 , 72 ]. Adequate biocompatibility, higher tensile strength, customizable temperature responsiveness, multi-drug loading capability, targeted drug delivery, and controlled drug delivery are among the unique and/or improved features of composite hydrogels [ 43 ].…”
A prominent research topic in contemporary advanced functional materials science is the production of smart materials based on polymers that may independently adjust their physical and/or chemical characteristics when subjected to external stimuli. Smart hydrogels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) demonstrate distinct thermoresponsive features close to a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) that enhance their capability in various biomedical applications such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound dressings. Nevertheless, they have intrinsic shortcomings such as poor mechanical properties, limited loading capacity of actives, and poor biodegradability. Formulation of PNIPAM with diverse functional constituents to develop hydrogel composites is an efficient scheme to overcome these defects, which can significantly help for practicable application. This review reports on the latest developments in functional PNIPAM-based smart hydrogels for various biomedical applications. The first section describes the properties of PNIPAM-based hydrogels, followed by potential applications in diverse fields. Ultimately, this review summarizes the challenges and opportunities in this emerging area of research and development concerning this fascinating polymer-based system deep-rooted in chemistry and material science.
“…The successful composite formation of PNIPAM with various materials, e.g., hyaluronic acid (HA) [ 64 , 65 ], zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles [ 66 ], silver nanoparticles [ 67 ], hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles [ 68 ], carbon nanoparticles [ 69 ], etc. ; for tissue engineering and wound healing has been reported in several investigations [ 70 , 71 , 72 ]. Adequate biocompatibility, higher tensile strength, customizable temperature responsiveness, multi-drug loading capability, targeted drug delivery, and controlled drug delivery are among the unique and/or improved features of composite hydrogels [ 43 ].…”
A prominent research topic in contemporary advanced functional materials science is the production of smart materials based on polymers that may independently adjust their physical and/or chemical characteristics when subjected to external stimuli. Smart hydrogels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) demonstrate distinct thermoresponsive features close to a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) that enhance their capability in various biomedical applications such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound dressings. Nevertheless, they have intrinsic shortcomings such as poor mechanical properties, limited loading capacity of actives, and poor biodegradability. Formulation of PNIPAM with diverse functional constituents to develop hydrogel composites is an efficient scheme to overcome these defects, which can significantly help for practicable application. This review reports on the latest developments in functional PNIPAM-based smart hydrogels for various biomedical applications. The first section describes the properties of PNIPAM-based hydrogels, followed by potential applications in diverse fields. Ultimately, this review summarizes the challenges and opportunities in this emerging area of research and development concerning this fascinating polymer-based system deep-rooted in chemistry and material science.
“…Although the former is the "gold standard" of bone transplantation, it has the disadvantages of limited materials, complications at the donor site, and the need for secondary surgery. Furthermore, the latter may lead to disease transmission, injection reactions, and poor prognosis due to its reduced osteoinduction capacity (Wang and Yeung, 2017;Han et al, 2020). Therefore, bone tissue engineering has emerged and has been developed in the past 2 decades.…”
Bone tissue engineering, which involves scaffolds, growth factors, and cells, has been of great interest to treat bone defects in recent years. MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are small, single-stranded, noncoding RNAs that closely monitor and regulate the signaling pathway of osteoblast differentiation. Thus, the role of miRNAs in bone tissue engineering has attracted much attention. However, there are some problems when miRNAs are directly applied in the human body, including negative charge rejection of the cell membrane, nuclease degradation, immunotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. Therefore, it is necessary to use a suitable carrier to transfect miRNAs into cells. In contrast to viral vectors, nonviral vectors are advantageous because they are less immunogenic and toxic; they can deliver miRNAs with a higher molecular weight; and they are easier to construct and modify. This article reviews the application of different miRNAs or anti-miRNAs in bone tissue engineering and the related signaling pathways when they promote osteogenic gene expression and osteogenic differentiation of target cells. An overview of the properties of different types of nonviral miRNA-transfected biomaterials, including calcium phosphates, nanosystems, liposomes, nucleic acids, silk-based biomaterials, cell-penetrating peptides, bioactive glass, PEI, and exosomes, is also provided. In addition, the evaluations in load efficiency, release efficiency, cell uptake rate, biocompatibility, stability, and biological immunity of nonviral miRNA-transfected biomaterials are given. This article also confirms that these biomaterials stably deliver miRNA to promote osteogenic gene expression, osteogenic differentiation of target cells, and mineralization of the extracellular matrix. Because there are differences in the properties of various nonviral materials, future work will focus on identifying suitable transfection materials and improving the transfection efficiency and biocompatibility of materials.
“…6 such as biocompatibility, biological absorbability and mechanical properties are important to support cell growth while maintaining its mechanical strength. Other factors such as angiogenesis, the ability to produce and release oxygen, antimicrobial property, drug loading and release performance are some other important aspects that need to be taken into consideration when designing an applicable scaffold [ 49 , 149 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Development Of 3-d Printed Nanocompositesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Other factors such as angiogenesis, the ability to produce and release oxygen, antimicrobial property, drug loading and release performance are some other important aspects that need to be taken into consideration when designing an applicable scaffold [49,149].…”
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