RETRACTED: A review of solar based hydrogen production methods

Solar water splitting by photovoltaic-electrolysis with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency over 30%

“…As the installed capacity of photovoltaics (PVs) continues to grow, cost-effective technologies for solar energy storage will be critical to mitigate the intermittency of the solar resource and to maintain stability of the electrical grid2. Hydrogen generation via solar water splitting represents a promising solution to these challenges, as H 2 can be stored, transported and consumed without generating harmful byproducts345678. However, the cost of H 2 produced by electrolysis is still significantly higher than that produced by fossil fuels.…”

“…The Department of Energy has calculated the H 2 threshold cost to be $2.00–$4.00 per gallon of gasoline equivalent9, whereas the most up-to-date reported H 2 production cost via electrolysis is $3.26–$6.62 per gallon of gasoline equivalent10. There are several promising approaches to large-scale solar water splitting, including photochemical, photoelectrochemical (PEC) and PV-electrolysis systems8; none of these approaches are currently economically viable compared with today's technologies3611.…”

“…Theoretical studies using a variety of assumptions have predicted that the maximum attainable efficiency using a tandem PEC water splitting device is 23–32% (refs 17, 18, 19, 20). PV-electrolysis systems have demonstrated exceptional potential to achieve even higher STH efficiencies811212223242526. The highest STH efficiency demonstrated to date, 24.4%, was delivered by a PV-electrolysis system using GaInP/GaAs/Ge multi-junction solar cells and polymer electrolyte electrochemical cells24.…”

Synthesis, Structure and DFT Study of a Rhenium(I) Pyridylpyrazole Complex as a Potential Photocatalyst for CO2 Reduction

“…One of the sensible approaches was to capture the emitted CO 2 and then utilise it as a feedstock for the production of other raw materials and renewable fuels such as formic acid, methane and methanol (Komala & Khun 2014;Radaideh et al 2016;Tamaki & Ishitani 2017). The other approach, which is not the interest of this paper, is to produce hydrogen as an alternative green-fuel to overcome problems of a hydrocarbon combustion since the burning of hydrogen gas only produces water as a side product (Ng et al 2018(Ng et al , 2017(Ng et al , 2012Yilmaz et al 2016).…”

Ab initio assessment of Bi1−xRExCuOS (RE = La, Gd, Y, Lu) solid solutions as a semiconductor for photochemical water splitting

“…In principle, the second technology must achieve higher efficiencies of H 2 production, but up to now the best efficiencies are still obtained by connecting an electrochemical system to a photovoltaic cell. 2 For that reason, the development of new photoelectrochemical catalysts still remains an important field of research to be deeply explored.…”