RETRACTED: A Heuristic Hybrid Instance Reduction Approach Based on Adaptive Relative Distance and k-means clustering

Abstract

The k nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier is one of the well-known instance-based classifiers. Nevertheless, the low efficiency in both running time and memory usage is a great challenge in the KNN classifier and its improvements due to noise and redundant samples. Although hybrid instance reduction approaches have been postulated as a good solution, they have the following issues: (a) adopted edition methods in existing hybrid instance reduction approaches are susceptible to harmful samples around the tested sample; (b) existing hybrid instance reduction approaches retain many internal samples, which contributes little to the classification accuracy and (or) leading to the low reduction rate; (c) existing hybrid instance reduction approaches rely on too many parameters. The chief contributions of this article are that (a) a novel heuristic hybrid instance reduction approach based on adaptive relative distance and k-means clustering (HIRRDKM) is proposed against the above issues; (b) a novel concept, i.e., the adaptive relative distance, is first proposed and calculated for each sample; (c) a novel edition method based on adaptive relative distance (EMARD) in HIRRDKM is second proposed to filter out harmful samples; (d) a novel condensing method based on adaptive relative distance and k-means clustering (CMRDKM) in HIRRDKM is third proposed to obtain condensed borderline samples from the training set without harmful samples. Experiments have proved that (a) HIRRDKM outperforms 6 state-of-the-art hybrid instance reduction methods on real data sets from various fields in weighing reduction rate and classification accuracy of KNN-based classifiers; (b) the running time of HIRRDKM is competitive.