Retirement in Nursing: A Review of the Literature

Abstract

RESUMOEste estudo objetivou identificar a produção científica que trata da aposentadoria na enfermagem, disponível na literatura nacional e internacional, identificando as características e o que abordam os trabalhos publicados sobre essa temática. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura realizada a partir do levantamento de dados por meio da busca de artigos nas bases eletrônicas Pubmed, CINAHL e LILACS, publicados entre janeiro de 2008 e dezembro de 2012, nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol. Os resultados encontrados nos 36 artigos selecionados demonstraram que a escassez de profissionais de enfermagem configura-se como uma preocupação mundial. A redução desses profissionais se dá, particularmente, pela aposentadoria de grande número de profissionais, com repercussões no ensino e na prática assistencial da enfermagem. Programas de tutoria e o voluntariado foram citados como estratégias para permanência da enfermagem nas organizações. Os fatores determinantes que dificultam a permanência da força de trabalho na enfermagem dizem respeito às questões sociais e pessoais, carga de trabalho e adoecimento dos trabalhadores, além de ambientes de trabalho sem condições adequadas. Identificou-se restrita produção de trabalhos referentes à temática em nível nacional, cabendo aos pesquisadores a realização de estudos que busquem características da aposentadoria da enfermagem no contexto brasileiro. Palavras-chave: Aposentadoria; Enfermagem; Recursos Humanos de Enfermagem. ABSTR ACT

Conceptual Models of Early and Involuntary Retirement among Canadian Registered Nurses and Allied Health Professionals

“…Socio-demographic factors linked to early retirement included degree of financial security (Cyr, 2005;Keele & Alpert, 2013), marital status (Boumans et al, 2008;Ferreira de Macêdo et al, 2014;Friis et al, 2007), household income (Friis et al, 2007), change in work situation (e.g., job elimination) (Boumans et al, 2008), sex (Boumans et al, 2008), ethnicity (Juliá et al, 1995), opportunity to change profession (Ferreira de Macêdo et al, 2014), and eligibility to retire (Blakely & Ribeiro, 2008). Lifestyle and health factors linked to early retirement were health status -physical and/or mental (Boumans et al, 2008;Cyr, 2005;Ferreira de Macêdo et al, 2014;Friis et al, 2007;McDonald & Donahue, 2011;van den Berg et al, 2010;van Rijn et al, 2014), weight status (Friis et al, 2007), work setting (Friis et al, 2007), work schedule (shift, evening etc.) (Friis et al, 2007), and level of physical activity (Friis et al, 2007).…”

“…(Friis et al, 2007), and level of physical activity (Friis et al, 2007). Family factors linked to early retirement included retirement status of spouse (Blakely & Ribeiro, 2008;Friis et al, 2007), spouse's health status (Boumans et al, 2008;Cyr, 2005), caregiving responsibilities (Ferreira de Macêdo et al, 2014), and family's views of retirement (Boumans et al, 2008). Attitude and belief factors tied to early retirement included a desire for leisure time (Blakely & Ribeiro, 2008;Boumans et al, 2008) and the feeling of being "tired of work" (Blakely & Ribeiro, 2008).…”

“…Organizational factors affecting early retirement were many and varied. They include heavy workload (Blakely & Ribeiro, 2008;Boumans et al, 2008;Ferreira de Macêdo et al, 2014), age-related discrimination (Boumans et al, 2008;Ferreira de Macêdo et al, 2014), absence of age-dependent human resources policies (e.g., inflexible work hours) (Blakely & Ribeiro, 2008;Cyr, 2005), lack of developmental and training opportunities (Blakely & Ribeiro, 2008;Boumans et al, 2008), presence of retirement incentives (Blakely & Ribeiro, 2008), lack of job-related recognition or appreciation (Blakely & Ribeiro, 2008), high work pressure (Friis et al, 2007), low level of influence at work (Friis et al, 2007), job design minimizing task significance (Boumans et al, 2008), high work intensity (Cyr, 2005), disempowerment at work (Blakely & Ribeiro, 2008), presence of rapid managerial, cultural, or technological changes in the workplace (Ferreira de Macêdo et al, 2014), and an absence of financial incentives for remaining in the workforce (e.g., ability to make more or higher pension contributions) (Blakely & Ribeiro, 2008).…”

“…Several factors linked to retirement in general, as opposed to early retirement specifically, were included in the conceptual model of early retirement. These include age (George et al, 2009;Jones & McIntosh, 2010;Wang & Shultz, 2010), dependent child living at home (Wang & Shultz, 2010;Weaver, 1994), level of education (George et al, 2009;Wang & Shultz, 2010), perceived spousal support of retirement (McDonald & Donahue, 2011;Wang & Shultz, 2010), disability (Ferreira de Macêdo et al, 2014), occupational tenure (Jones & McIntosh, 2010), organizational tenure (Jones & McIntosh, 2010), organizational commitment (Jones & McIntosh, 2010), occupational commitment (Wang & Shultz, 2010), employment status (full vs. part-time) (George et al, 2009), and region of residence (within a country) (George, et al, 2009).…”

“…Retirement among RNs and AHPs, whether early or "on time", has received relatively little attention in the literature. Three literature reviews have explored retirement among RNs (Ferreira de Macêdo, Pires de Pires, & Calvalcante, 2014;Moseley, Jeffers, & Paterson, 2008;Keele & Alpert, 2013) and, between 2005 and 2015, eight individual studies have done so (see Supplementary File 1 for study characteristics). Research on retirement among AHPs has been minimal, with only five studies located in the literature; four of the five studies explore retirement within a specific allied health profession (i.e., dietetics, pharmacy, social work) (details in Supplementary File 2).…”