Retinoids, eye development, and maturation of visual function

Luo, Tuanlian; Sakai, Yasuo; Wagner, Elisabeth; Dräger, Ursula C.

doi:10.1002/neu.20239

Cited by 58 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(67 reference statements)

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“…In the region where these two gradients overlap, many cones express both photopigments (Rohlich et al, 1994;Applebury et al, 2000;Lukats et al, 2005). As in most vertebrates, there is a region of higher visual sensitivity along the equator of the retina that corresponds with a disproportionately increased area of representation in the visual cortex (Luo et al, 2006). In the mouse retina, S-cones differentiate first, beginning shortly after birth, with most differentiating cells localized to the ventral retina.…”

Section: Factors For Cone Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Retinoic acid or related compounds are tempting candidates, since they have been shown to induce expression of photoreceptor specific genes and to influence cell fate choices in vitro (Hyatt and Dowling, 1997). It is also known that during early eye development in rodents, the equator region of the retina expresses retinoic acid degrading enzymes, while the rest of the retina expresses enzymes that convert Vitamin A to retinoic acid, thus establishing a discontinuous gradient of retinoic acid signaling across the retina (Luo et al, 2006). However, there is currently no compelling evidence that retinoic acid or related compounds influence cone photoreceptor distribution in vivo, although these studies led to interesting findings regarding the receptors for these compounds.…”

Section: Factors That Influence S-cone Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regulation of photoreceptor gene expression by Crx-associated transcription factor network

2008

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Rod and cone photoreceptors in the mammalian retina are special types of neurons that are responsible for phototransduction, the first step of vision. Development and maintenance of photoreceptors require precisely regulated gene expression. This regulation is mediated by a network of photoreceptor transcription factors centered on Crx, an Otx-like homeodomain transcription factor. The cell type (subtype) specificity of this network is governed by factors that are preferentially expressed by rods or cones or both, including the rod-determining factors neural retina leucine zipper protein (Nrl) and the orphan nuclear receptor Nr2e3; and cone-determining factors, mostly nuclear receptor family members. The best-documented of these include thyroid hormone receptor β2 (Trβ2), retinoid related orphan receptor Rorβ, and retinoid X receptor Rxrγ. The appropriate function of this network also depends on general transcription factors and co-factors that are ubiquitously expressed, such as the Sp zinc finger transcription factors and STAGA coactivator complexes. These cell type-specific and general transcription regulators form complex interactomes; mutations that interfere with any of the interactions can cause photoreceptor development defects or degeneration. In this manuscript, we review recent progress on the roles of various photoreceptor transcription factors and interactions in photoreceptor subtype development. We also provide evidence of auto-, para-, and feedback regulation among these factors at the transcriptional level. These protein-protein and protein-promoter interactions provide precision and specificity in controlling photoreceptor subtype-specific gene expression, development and survival. Understanding these interactions may provide insights to more effective therapeutic interventions for photoreceptor diseases.

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Section: Factors For Cone Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factors That Influence S-cone Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of photoreceptor gene expression by Crx-associated transcription factor network

2008

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“…As for the induction of ocular tissues, lens and several retinal cell types were reported to have been differentiated from ES cells (Gong et al, 2008;Lamba et al, 2006;Osakada et al, 2008). Factors regulating the differentiation of the retinal tissues, such as Wnt2b, Wnt3a, Notch, Hes1, and RA (Jadhav et al, 2006;Kubo et al, 2003;Luo et al, 2006;Osakada et al, 2007;Tomita et al, 1996), were sequentially added to induce specific retinal cell lineages such as photoreceptor cells (Osakada et al, 2008). Co-cultures of ES cells and stromal cell lines (Aoki et al, 2008a,b;Hirano et al, 2003;Kawasaki et al, 2002;Ooto et al, 2003;Ueno et al, 2006) or developing chick retina (Ikeda et al, 2005;Sugie et al, 2005) were reported to successfully form differentiated photoreceptor cells, amacrine cells, horizontal cells, retinal ganglion cells, lens cells, and retinal pigmented epithelium from ES cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro and in vivo differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into retina‐like organs and comparison with that from mouse pluripotent epiblast stem cells

Aoki

Hara

Niwa

et al. 2009

Developmental Dynamics

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Correctly inducing the differentiation of pluripotent hESCs to a specific lineage with high purity is highly desirable for regenerative cell therapy. Our first effort to perform in vitro differentiation of hESCs resulted in a limited recapitulation of the ocular tissue structures. When undifferentiated hESCs were placed in vivo into the ocular tissue, in this case into the vitreous cavity, 3-dimensional retina-like structures reminiscent of the invagination of the optic vesicle were generated. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the presence of both a neural retina-like cell layer and a retinal pigmented epithelium-like cell layer, possibly equivalent to the developing E12.5 mouse retina. Furthermore, mouse epiblast-derived stem cells, which are reported to share some characteristics with hESCs, but not with mouse ESCs, also generated retinal anlage-like structures in vivo. hESC-derived retina-like structures present a novel therapeutic possibility for retinal diseases and also provide a novel experimental system to study early human eye development.

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“…Retinoic acid (RA) plays a critical role in the development of the eye, the maturation of visual function, as well as for photoreception in the functional retina (Luo et al, 2006). All-trans retinoic acid is commonly used in vitro to differentiate stem cell populations including adult neural stem cells and embryonic stem cell into neurons (Bain et al, 1995(Bain et al, , 1996Fraichard et al, 1995).…”

Section: Nestin Expression In Retinal Progenitor Cells In Vitromentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting nestin expression in retinal progenitor cells in vitro and after transplantation in vivo

Qiu

Seiler

Thomas

et al. 2007

Experimental Eye Research

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The purpose of this study is to characterize the co-expression of nestinda neuroectodermal stem cell and a reactive glial markerdwith various mature retinal cell markers in retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) expanded in vitro, followed either by in vitro induction or subretinal transplantation. Rat RPCs derived from embryonic day (E) 17 rat retina were expanded in serum free defined culture, and induced to differentiate by alltrans retinoic acid (RA). Following induction, cells were stained for nestin in combination with retinal neuronal and glial markers. Cultured cells were collected for quantitative RT-PCR gene expression analysis prior to and after induction. In a second series, passage 2 RPCs were transplanted into the subretinal space of S334ter-3 retinal degeneration rats at postnatal day 28. After 1e4 weeks, sections through the transplant were double immunostained for nestin and various retinal specific neuronal markers. The cultured RPCs treated with RA exhibited nestin co-expression with various retinal specific markers, including protein kinase C a (PKC), neurofilament 200 (NF200), cellular retinaldehyde binding protein (CRALBP), and rhodopsin. Following RA induction, quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated downregulation of nestin, PAX-6, thy1.1, and PKCa, and upregulation of rhodopsin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and CrX. No nestin coexpression was observed with any of the retinal specific neuronal markers in RPC transplants in vivo except for some nestin-immunoreactivity overlapping with GFAP positive cells in the host retina. The role of nestin as a unique neural stem/progenitor cell marker should be reconsidered. Nestin expression during RPC maturation appears to be different in vitro versus in vivo.

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Retinoids, eye development, and maturation of visual function

Cited by 58 publications

References 62 publications

Regulation of photoreceptor gene expression by Crx-associated transcription factor network

Regulation of photoreceptor gene expression by Crx-associated transcription factor network

In vitro and in vivo differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into retina‐like organs and comparison with that from mouse pluripotent epiblast stem cells

Revisiting nestin expression in retinal progenitor cells in vitro and after transplantation in vivo

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