In response to viral infection, host sensors of foreign nucleic acid, including cytoplasmic RIG (retinoic acid-inducible gene) I-like receptors (RLRs) 2 and membrane-bound Toll-like receptors (TLRs), signal to induce the production of cytokines (1-3). These signaling cascades when triggered in response to doublestranded (ds) RNA act through adapter proteins, TIR domaincontaining adapter-inducing IFN- (TRIF) for the endosome membrane receptor TLR3 and IFN--promoter simulator 1 (IPS-1, also named as VISA, MAVS) for the RIG-I and mda-5 RLRs, to induce the synthesis of type I interferons (IFNs) (2-4). Type I IFN is an important component of the host antiviral innate immune response and subsequent defenses mounted against viral infection (2, 4). In addition, type I IFNs also serve as a link between innate and adaptive immunity (5).Among the transcription factors important in the induction of type I interferons by the RLR and TLR signaling cascades is interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) (6, 7). Constitutively expressed IRF-3 resides in the cytosol in an inactive form. Following virus infection, IRF-3 is activated by phosphorylation, dimerization, translocation to the nucleus, and association with CREB-binding protein/p300 (6). Activation of IRF-3 is regulated by two IKK-related kinases, TBK-1 and IKK⑀, in a twostep manner (8, 9). The first-step phosphorylation of IRF-3 occurs at the C-terminal serine/threonine cluster between amino acids 396 and 405. This phosphorylation alleviates autoinhibition, thereby allowing interaction with CREB-binding protein, and facilitates the second-step phosphorylation at serines 385 and 386, which is required for IRF-3 dimerization (8). Activated IRF-3 together with NF-B and activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2)/c-Jun form a transcriptionally competent enhanceosome to induce the synthesis of type I IFNs, including IFN- (4, 10). The importance of IRF-3 in the induction of IFNs is further illustrated by the large number of viruses that have evolved strategies to antagonize the production of IFNs through either inhibition of IRF-3 activation or by degradation of 12).Triphosphate-containing dsRNA represents one of the important viral triggers for activation of the host innate immune response. Production of dsRNA occurs during the life cycle of several viruses, both RNA viruses and DNA viruses (13,14). dsRNA acts as an effector of multiple cellular enzymes that are part of the IFN response, including the protein kinase regulated by dsRNA (PKR) (4,(15)(16)(17); the family of dsRNA-dependent 2Ј,5Ј-oligoadenylate synthetases (4, 17); and ADAR1 (adenosine deaminase acting on dsRNA) (17,18). Vaccinia virus (VV), a DNA virus, produces significant amounts of dsRNA in infected cells as a consequence of overlapping convergent transcription that occurs during the intermediate and late replication phases (13,14). To counteract the cellular innate immune response triggered by viral dsRNA, vaccinia virus has evolved strategies to antagonize IFN signaling, IFN * This work was supported, in whole...