Retinal Vasculitis

Levy-Clarke, Grace A.; Nussenblatt, Robert B.

doi:10.1097/01.iio.0000155905.95303.1d

Cited by 29 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…[1] However, the diagnostic criteria and examinations of the various studies on RV were extremely variable which entirely prevents their meaningful comparison. To compare the causes of RV around the different geographical areas, the consistent use of diagnostic criteria and diagnostic procedures would be essential.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[12] Inflammation of the retinal vasculature may occur as an isolated intraocular disorder or in association with various systemic diseases. [12] The list of associated systemic diseases is extensive and includes various systemic disorders such as Behcet's disease, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, systemic autoimmune disease as well as infectious diseases including herpetic viral infection, toxoplasmosis, and syphilis. [12]…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[12] The list of associated systemic diseases is extensive and includes various systemic disorders such as Behcet's disease, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, systemic autoimmune disease as well as infectious diseases including herpetic viral infection, toxoplasmosis, and syphilis. [12]…”

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confidence: 99%

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Clinical features and etiology of retinal vasculitis in Northern Thailand

Apinyawasisuk

Rothová

Kunavisarut

et al. 2013

Indian J Ophthalmol

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Purpose:To report on the clinical features and etiology of patients with retinal vasculitis (RV).Materials and Methods:We reviewed medical records of 47 patients (75 affected eyes) diagnosed with RV. Clinical presentations, ocular complications, associated systemic diseases, and treatment regimens were registered.Results:Etiology of RV included infectious causes in 10/47, (21%) while an association with systemic and/or ocular non-infectious disorders was noted in 22/47 (47%). Eales’ disease and Behcet's disease represented the most common clinical entities in non-infectious group while tuberculosis-associated RV was diagnosed in 6/10 (60%) among those with infectious disorders. RV was bilateral in 28/47 (60%) patients. Retinal veins were most commonly affected (72%, 34/47). Involvement of arteries was present in 12/47 (25%) and was associated with viral infections and Behcet's disease. Ocular complications developed in 60/75 (80%) eyes. The most common complications were elevated intraocular pressure and/or glaucoma (33/75, 44%). Retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, and cystoid macular edema developed in similar percentages (15%).Conclusions:RV in Thailand manifested mostly in male patients, was typically bilateral and involved mostly veins. Involvement of arteries was observed in patients with viral infections and Behcet's disease. Tuberculosis was the most common infectious cause.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Clinical features and etiology of retinal vasculitis in Northern Thailand

Apinyawasisuk

Rothová

Kunavisarut

et al. 2013

Indian J Ophthalmol

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“…The pathophysiology of retinal vasculitis is unclear, as there are few existing animal models and the probability that one mechanism will not explain all the clinical entities. Research has implicated immune complexes, circulating autoantibodies, vascular regulatory functions of endothelial cells, T‐cell mediated responses and the expression of cytokines and soluble cellular inflammatory mediators as possible pathogenic mechanisms 26,27 . Treatment for the infectious aetiologies of vasculitis is with appropriate antibiotics while the non‐infectious aetiologies are treated with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occlusive retinal vasculitis in a patient with West Nile virus

Teitelbaum

Newman

Tresley³

2007

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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Background: West Nile virus (WNV) was first identified in the United States in 1999. In addition to a spectrum of systemic manifestations, several ocular conditions secondary to the virus have been reported, including chorioretinitis, uveitis and optic neuritis. Age and diabetes mellitus (DM) have been reported to be associated risk factors for the more severe forms of the systemic disease. Only seven cases of occlusive retinal vasculitis have been reported in patients with WNV infection. Case history: A 60‐year‐old Asian male presented with complaints of decreased vision in his left eye. He had been hospitalised approximately seven weeks earlier with meningo‐encephalitis secondary to presumed WNV infection, at which time he was also diagnosed with DM. The visual loss coincided with the manifestation of systemic WNV infection. Old peripheral chorioretinal lesions without active inflammation in both eyes were consistent with WNV infection. In addition, retinal haemorrhage and cotton wool spots were noted in the posterior pole of both eyes with severe macular ischaemia in the left eye. Conclusion: Occlusive retinal vasculitis is an uncommon ocular manifestation of WNV, which should be suspected in patients with meningitis or encephalitis who reside in endemic areas with ocular findings of the disease.

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“…1 The collagen vascular disorders including SLE, polyarteritis nodosa, and Wegener granulomatosis are important causes of retinal vasculitis but more commonly affect the arterioles. 1 The collagen vascular disorders including SLE, polyarteritis nodosa, and Wegener granulomatosis are important causes of retinal vasculitis but more commonly affect the arterioles.…”

Section: Dr Ivana Kim (Boston Ma)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges

Oliveira¹,

Ferreira²,

Greven³

et al. 2006

Retina

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A 26-year-old woman was referred with a history of excruciating headache and ocular pain in both eyes for 2 weeks. She noted mild decreased vision and perception of "dark spots" centrally in her right eye. She denied any symptoms in her left eye. There was a history of long-term medication use related to a poorly defined psychological condition. There was no family history of eye disease or parental consanguinity, fetal loss, or oral contraceptives. She had a history of childhood vaccination with BCG (bacille Calmette-Guérin [immunization against tuberculosis]).At examination, visual acuity was 20/30 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. No afferent pupillary defect was present. The anterior segment was unremarkable. Dilated fundus examination showed no vitreous inflammatory activity. Posterior examination revealed vascular sheathing in the superotemporal arcade. There were also small blot intraretinal hemorrhages with extensive capillary nonperfusion (Fig. 1). There was no sign of neovascularization or anomalous disk hyperfluorescence. Results of left eye examination were completely normal.Standard hematologic blood cell count, serum chemistry levels, hepatic enzyme levels, urinalysis findings, and complete lipid profile were normal. Results of chest radiography and cerebrospinal fluid analysis were unremarkable. Results of serologic tests for Toxoplasma (IgM and IgG antibodies), hepatitis C virus, and cytomegalovirus were negative. FTA-ABS and VDRL tests were negative. Testing for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 was negative. The tuberculin test (PPD) was positive (1.8 cm [strong reaction, Ͼ1.0 cm]). Hemoglobin electrophoresis findings were normal. Angiotensin-converting enzyme was negative. Antinuclear antibodies and rheumatoid factor were unremarkable. Testing for anticardiolipin antibodies revealed a weakly pos-itive titer of IgM and a highly positive titer of IgG. Lupus anticoagulant was negative. Other findings included the following values: protein S, 56% (slightly low); protein C, 200% (moderately high); complement C3, 126 (normal); complement C4, 17 (normal); ANCA P and C, negative; and C-reactive protein, Ͻ0.03 mg/dL (normal). This case is presented for comment concerning diagnosis, workup, and management. We asked two experts for their opinion. Dr. Craig M. Greven (Winston-Salem, NC):Drs. Oliveira and Ferreira describe a 26-year-old woman with acute onset of "excruciating headache" and eye pain for 2 weeks. Only mild blurred vision (20/30) was found in the right eye. The fundus photograph and fluorescein angiogram of the superotemporal retinal midzone in the right eye show venous beading and mild sheathing of the superotemporal arcade vein with marked sheathing and vasculitis of the more distal veins. The arterioles do not appear to be significantly involved. There are numerous dotand-blot hemorrhages in the adjacent retina. Interestingly, the investigators state that there are no vitreous cells overlying the area of marked vascular sheathing and that there is no intraocul...

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Retinal Vasculitis

Cited by 29 publications

References 50 publications

Clinical features and etiology of retinal vasculitis in Northern Thailand

Clinical features and etiology of retinal vasculitis in Northern Thailand

Occlusive retinal vasculitis in a patient with West Nile virus

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges

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