Retinal projection to the nucleus of the optic tract in the cat as revealed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase

Ballas, I.; Hoffmann, K.; Wagner, H.

doi:10.1016/0304-3940(81)90132-4

Cited by 59 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Similar to data in the cat, we found very few Pα‐like ganglion cells in the far retinal periphery (Ballas et al . 1981) suggesting that this cell class does not play a crucial role for the direct retinal input to the AOS.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Retinal ganglion cells projecting to the nucleus of the optic tract and the dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system in macaque monkeys

Telkes

Distler

Hoffmann

2000

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Using classical neuroanatomical retrograde tracing methods we investigated the retinal ganglion cells projecting to the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system (NOT-DTN) in macaque monkeys. Our main aim was to quantify the strength of the projection from the ipsilateral retina to the NOT-DTN. We therefore examined the number, distribution, and soma size of retinal ganglion cells involved in this projection. Electrophysiologically controlled small injections into the NOT-DTN revealed a clearly bilateral retinal projection originating mainly from the central retina but also involving peripheral retinal regions. Labelled cells were found nasally in the contralateral retina and temporally in the ipsilateral retina with some overlap in the fovea. The projection from the ipsilateral retina was 36-43% of that from the contralateral retina. On average, only 1-6% of the local population of ganglion cells projected to the NOT-DTN. Small soma size and large dendritic fields imply that in monkey rarely encountered, 'specialized' ganglion cells provide the direct retinal input to the accessory optic system (AOS). These results are discussed with respect to the symmetry of monocular horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) in primates.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Retinal ganglion cells projecting to the nucleus of the optic tract and the dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system in macaque monkeys

Telkes

Distler

Hoffmann

2000

Eur J of Neuroscience

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“…Lesion studies in primates demonstrate the relevance of striate and extrastriate visual cortical areas for unperturbed slow eye movements and symmetric mhOKN (e.g., Ter Braak and Van Vliet, 1963;Lynch and McLaren, 1983;Zee et al, 1987;Dürsteler and Wurtz, 1988). As we failed to reveal a cortical input to the NOT-DTN at P9, binocularity in the NOT-DTN up to this age should indeed originate from the direct projections of retinal ganglion cells from both eyes (Ballas et al, 1981;Kourouyan and Horton, 1997;Telkes et al, 2000). However, already at P12 and P14, we could convincingly demonstrate a direct cortical projection to the NOT-DTN arising from V1 and even more strongly from MT which, however, did not increase binocular balance at once, i.e., a large proportion of neurons was still dominated by the contralateral eye.…”

Section: Maturation Of the Optokinetic Reflex And Not-dtnmentioning

confidence: 53%

Visual Pathway for the Optokinetic Reflex in Infant Macaque Monkeys

Distler

Hoffmann²

2011

J. Neurosci.

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The horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (hOKN) in primates is immature at birth. To elucidate the early functional state of the visual pathway for hOKN, retinal slip neurons were recorded in the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal nucleus (NOT-DTN) of 4 anesthetized infant macaques. These neurons were direction selective for ipsiversive stimulus movement shortly after birth [postnatal day 9 (P9)], although at a lower direction selectivity index (DSI). The DSI in the older infants (P12, P14, P60) was not different from adults. A total of 96% of NOT-DTN neurons in P9, P12, and P14 were binocular, however, significantly more often dominated by the contralateral eye than in adults. Already in the youngest animals, NOT-DTN neurons were well tuned to different stimulus velocities; however, tuning was truncated toward lower stimulus velocities when compared with adults.As early as at P12, electrical stimulation in V1 elicited orthodromic responses in the NOT-DTN. However, the incidence of activated neurons was much lower in infants (40 -60% of the tested NOT-DTN neurons) than in adults (97%). Orthodromic latencies from V1 were significantly longer in P12-P14 (x ϭ 12.2 Ϯ 8.9 ms) than in adults (x ϭ 3.51 Ϯ 0.81 ms). At the same age, electrical stimulation in motion-sensitive area MT was more efficient in activating NOT-DTN neurons (80% of the tested cells) and yielded shorter latencies than in V1 (x ϭ 7.8 Ϯ 3.02 ms; adult x ϭ 2.99 Ϯ 0.85 ms).The differences in discharge rate between neurons in the NOT-DTN contra-and ipsilateral to the stimulated eye are equivalent to the gain asymmetry between monocularly elicited OKN in temporonasal and nasotemporal direction at the various ages.

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“…Retrograde labeling studies across several different species have found that pretectally projecting cells represented only a small percentage of the total population of ganglion cells (1–6%), and that these cells generally possess small or medium-sized cell bodies and can be classified morphologically as being gamma or W-like (e.g. 17). Very few studies were able to successfully target injections exclusively to the PON and therefore it is unclear to what extent the retinal cells labeled in these studies actually participate in the PLR.…”

Section: Autonomic Control Of the Pupilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomic Control of the Eye

McDougal

Gamlin

2014

Comprehensive Physiology

336

369

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The autonomic nervous system influences numerous ocular functions. It does this by way of parasympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate from neurons in the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia, and by way of sympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate from neurons in the superior cervical ganglion. Ciliary ganglion neurons project to the ciliary body and the sphincter pupillae muscle of the iris to control ocular accommodation and pupil constriction, respectively. Superior cervical ganglion neurons project to the dilator pupillae muscle of the iris to control pupil dilation. Ocular blood flow is controlled both via direct autonomic influences on the vasculature of the optic nerve, choroid, ciliary body, and iris, as well as via indirect influences on retinal blood flow. In mammals, this vasculature is innervated by vasodilatory fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion, and by vasoconstrictive fibers from the superior cervical ganglion. Intraocular pressure is regulated primarily through the balance of aqueous humor formation and outflow. Autonomic regulation of ciliary body blood vessels and the ciliary epithelium is an important determinant of aqueous humor formation; autonomic regulation of the trabecular meshwork and episcleral blood vessels is an important determinant of aqueous humor outflow. These tissues are all innervated by fibers from the pterygopalatine and superior cervical ganglia. In addition to these classical autonomic pathways, trigeminal sensory fibers exert local, intrinsic influences on many of these regions of the eye, as well as on some neurons within the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia.

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Retinal projection to the nucleus of the optic tract in the cat as revealed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase

Cited by 59 publications

References 11 publications

Retinal ganglion cells projecting to the nucleus of the optic tract and the dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system in macaque monkeys

Retinal ganglion cells projecting to the nucleus of the optic tract and the dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system in macaque monkeys

Visual Pathway for the Optokinetic Reflex in Infant Macaque Monkeys

Autonomic Control of the Eye

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