Retinal nerve fibre layer and ganglion cell layer changes in children who recovered from COVID-19: a cohort study

Burgos-Blasco, Bárbara; Güemes-Villahoz, Noemí; Morales-Fernández, Laura; Caballero, Ignacio Callejas; Pérez-García, Pilar; Donate-López, J.; Ramos-Amador, José Tomás; García‐Feijoó, Julián

doi:10.1136/archdischild-2021-321803

Cited by 9 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Contrary to our analysis, Burgos-Blanco et al confirmed decreased macular RNFL in the nasal outer and temporal inner sectors, but also an increase in global peripapillary in the temporal superior and temporal sectors [30]. Authors suspect that the increased peripapillary RNFL thickness can be explained by neuronal cell edema secondary to a neuroinflammatory injury similar to edema in the nervous system [30]. Savastano et al described decreased radial peripapillary capillary plexus (RPCP) perfusion density in post-COVID-19 patients.…”

Section: Thickening Of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (Rnfl)contrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Our results are in accordance with the study performed by Burgos-Blasco et al on children between 6 and 18 years who recovered from COVID-19. They observed increased macular GCL in the nasal outer and temporal inner sectors [30]. On the contrary, Jorge Gonzales-Zamora et al observed a significantly thinner GCL in the foveal area in COVID-19 patients 14 days after hospital discharge compared to controls.…”

Section: Thickening Of Ganglion Cell Layer (Gcl)mentioning

confidence: 89%

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Retinal Microvascular Changes in COVID-19 Bilateral Pneumonia Based on Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Kal

Winiarczyk

Cieśla

et al. 2022

JCM

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate retinal and choroidal microvascular alterations with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in COVID-19 patients hospitalized because of bilateral pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2. The vessel density (VD) and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) of 63 patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia who had positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests and who recovered after receiving treatment and 45 healthy age- and gender-matched controls were evaluated and compared using OCTA in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP). The VD was also estimated in both groups in the choriocapillaris (CC). In COVID-19 patients, there was a statistically significant difference between the patients and a control group in both superficial (FAZs) and deep (FAZd) avascular zone (p = 0.000). The VD was significantly lower in the foveal area in choriocapillaris (p = 0.046). There were no statistically significant changes in the VD in the superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal quadrants in superficial and deep plexus, or in the choriocapillaris. The VD was not significantly lower in the foveal area in superficial or deep plexus. COVID-19 may affect the retinal vasculature, causing ischemia, enlargement of the FAZ, and lowering of the VD in the choriocapillaris area. Routine ophthalmic examination after SARS-CoV-2 infection should be considered in the course of post-infectious rehabilitation.

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Section: Thickening Of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (Rnfl)contrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Thickening Of Ganglion Cell Layer (Gcl)mentioning

confidence: 89%

Retinal Microvascular Changes in COVID-19 Bilateral Pneumonia Based on Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Kal

Winiarczyk

Cieśla

et al. 2022

JCM

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“…Supporting our results, a cohort study in pediatric COVID-19 patients concluded that children with recent COVID-19 had RNFL thickening when compared to healthy children 29 . In contrast to our results, this study reported GCL thickening 29 . Similar to our study, another study showed RNFL thickening and GCL thinning in adult patients 30 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

A Pediatric COVID-19 Study: Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer, Ganglion Cell Layer, and Alterations in Choroidal Thickness in Swept-Source OCT Measurements

Akpolat

Çetinkaya

Kurt

2022

Klin Monbl Augenheilkd

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Purpose To investigate early covid measurements of central macular thickness (CMT), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness, and choroidal thickness (ChT) in children recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out 4 weeks after completed COVID-19 treatment. The diagnosis of the Alpha variant COVID-19 was made by the polymerase chain reaction test after prediagnosis with clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings. A total of 46 children were included in the study. Pediatric patients who received COVID-19 treatment comprised the COVID-19 group (24 children), and healthy children were enrolled in the control group (22 children). Only the right eyes of the participants were enrolled in the study. All pediatric patients in the COVID-19 group required hospitalization without the need for intubation. Swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) was used to measure CMT, RNFL, and GCL thickness, and ChT measurements. Results The COVID-19 and control groups had similar mean values of visual acuity, intraocular pressure, spherical equivalent, axial length, and CMT (p > 0.05 for all). RNFL thickening, GCL, and choroidal thinning were observed in all SS-OCT measurements of COVID-19 children. However, RNFL thickening was significant only in the global and nasal peripapillary quadrants. GCL thinning was significant in the nasal/inferior sector (p < 0.002 for all). Some significant correlations were observed between the mean levels of inflammatory markers and OCT measurements (p < 0.002). Conclusion This study may be among the first reports of SS-OCT examination of COVID-19 children. OCT measurements showed changes in retinal and ChT in the COVID-19 children as in adult patients.

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“…These signs indicate acute vascular events and retinal ischaemia. Burgos-Blasco et al [ 56 ] studied 29 children who recovered from COVID-19 compared with 61 controls. They reported increased peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness in the recovered COVID-19 patients.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Imaging Technology to Assess the Effect of COVID-19 on Retinal Tissues: A Systematic Review

McGrath

Aslam

2022

Ophthalmol Ther

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Purpose To evaluate the effect of COVID-19 on retinal tissues by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of the current literature. Background The novel coronavirus disease is not yet well understood. The orbit provides a window into the body's microvasculature, and as such, it is a non-invasive opportunity to analyse the systemic circulation in vivo. By analysing the current literature, we test the hypothesis that non-invasive imaging of the retina could provide insight into the effect of COVID-19 on the retinal microvasculature. Methods For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we screened PubMed databases and LitCOVID19 using the search criteria: (OCTA or Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography) AND (COVID-19 or corona or SARS-CoV-2) AND (retina or fundus). Databases were searched on 11 January 2022. The primary study outcomes were studies that utilised OCTA to analyse the retina; secondary outcomes involved studies that involved other imaging modalities such as OCT, fundus photography, and fundus autofluorescence. Findings The total number of studies included in this review was 32. Optical coherence tomography angiography scans show reduced central retinal vascular density, a thinner ganglion cell layer, a thicker retinal nerve fibre layer, and an enlarged foveal avascular zone. Optical coherence tomography scans demonstrate a thicker central macular thickness and other changes to the macula, ganglion cell, and inner nuclear layers. Many fundus photographs depicted cotton wool spots, microhaemorrhages, and vascular occlusions. Non-invasive imaging technology has demonstrated that COVID-19 can profoundly affect the retina. Therefore, there is a requirement for long-term follow-up of COVID-19 patients to assess whether the retinal damage caused by COVID-19 is reversible. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40123-022-00509-8.

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Retinal nerve fibre layer and ganglion cell layer changes in children who recovered from COVID-19: a cohort study

Cited by 9 publications

References 28 publications

Retinal Microvascular Changes in COVID-19 Bilateral Pneumonia Based on Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Retinal Microvascular Changes in COVID-19 Bilateral Pneumonia Based on Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

A Pediatric COVID-19 Study: Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer, Ganglion Cell Layer, and Alterations in Choroidal Thickness in Swept-Source OCT Measurements

Use of Imaging Technology to Assess the Effect of COVID-19 on Retinal Tissues: A Systematic Review

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