Retinal hemorrhage in the young child: A review of etiology, predisposed conditions, and clinical implications

Gayle, Michael O.; Kissoon, Niranjan; Hered, Robert W.; Harwood-Nuss, Ann

doi:10.1016/0736-4679(94)00145-6

Cited by 30 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…8 Although retinal hemorrhages are a potential manifestation of child abuse, especially for "shaken baby syndrome," their existence has also been described in other clinical settings. [1][2][3] Recently, Herr et al 3 examined 100 infants with forceful vomiting caused by hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, and none demonstrated retinal hemorrhage. The authors concluded that Valsalva retinopathy does not occur in children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Severe cough and retinal hemorrhage in infants and young children

Goldman

Dagan

Mordish

et al. 2006

The Journal of Pediatrics

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Severe cough and retinal hemorrhage in infants and young children

Goldman

Dagan

Mordish

et al. 2006

The Journal of Pediatrics

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“…(I am grateful to Alex Levin MD, of the Sick Children's Hospital Toronto, for sight of his extensive bibliography on this subject.) Papers by Gayle et al (1995), Green et al (1996), Parsons (1997), Sandramouli et al (1997), Gilliland (1998) and Levin (2003) are all notable in the canon of ophthalmology and there are many more which cannot be addressed in this short review. Maroteaux (1967) followed up 16 cases of battered children and found retinal haemorrhages in all of them.…”

Section: Multidisciplinary Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Shaken baby syndrome—an introduction to the literature

Wheeler¹

2003

Child Abuse Review

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Shaken baby syndrome is not a new phenomenon, with changes in the brains of abused children having been described as early as the nineteenth century. It is, however, a complex condition in which controversies abound. This introduction to the literature includes both medical and sociolegal perspectives on the history, prevalence and nature of shaken baby syndrome. Both diagnosis and management require a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach, including input from ophthalmology and radiology. All professionals involved in managing shaken baby syndrome need to be aware of the many debates on the subject, including issues around a lucid interval following the trauma; the degree of trauma required; the mechanism of the injury; and differential diagnoses that need to be considered. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Retinal hemorrhages have also been described in some natural diseases and in accidental injuries and are not diagnostic of abusive head injuries. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]10 It is not known if postmortem examination of the eyes would give information about the timing of the development of retinal hemorrhages. 9 Prospective investigation of either the time course of retinal hemorrhages or the time to deposition of iron after retinal hemorrhages has not been reported using human tissue.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Age of Retinal Hemorrhages by Iron Detection

Gilliland¹,

Folberg²,

Hayreh³

2005

American Journal of Forensic Medicine &Amp; Pathology

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Intraretinal hemorrhages have been found in some abusively injured infants and children. Intraretinal hemosiderin has been proposed as an indication of previous injury. The limits of the accuracy of the proposal have not been established. Experimental central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) was produced in 20 eyes of adult rhesus monkeys as part of ongoing research by one of the authors (SSH). The animal experiments were conducted in accordance with a research protocol approved by the Animal Care Committee, University of Iowa. CRVO produced diffuse intraretinal hemorrhages. Clinical ocular examinations assessed the onset and time course of retinal hemorrhages. Enucleation specimens were used to assess hemosiderin in the retinas. Hemosiderin was detected within 2 days of induction of retinal hemorrhages. It was detected in only 4 of 11 eyes (36%) studied more than 1 week following induction of hemorrhages. In 2 eyes, hemosiderin was found 9 and 16.8 months after development of hemorrhages. Hemosiderin can represent organization of current hemorrhage rather than evidence of prior hemorrhage. This study does not allow specifying the duration of hemorrhages with greater precision than "more than 2 days prior to death," and that, only if there is no survival interval. Failure to detect hemosiderin does not exclude prior retinal hemorrhages.

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Retinal hemorrhage in the young child: A review of etiology, predisposed conditions, and clinical implications

Cited by 30 publications

References 56 publications

Severe cough and retinal hemorrhage in infants and young children

Severe cough and retinal hemorrhage in infants and young children

Shaken baby syndrome—an introduction to the literature

Age of Retinal Hemorrhages by Iron Detection

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