Retinal ganglion cells with NADPH‐diaphorase activity in the chick form a regular mosaic with a strong dorsoventral asymmetry that can be modelled by a minimal spacing rule

Cellerino, Alessandro; Novelli, Elena; Galli‐Resta, Lucia

doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00944.x

Cited by 21 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…without affecting the crosscorrelation curve~L 12 !. replicate several different retinal mosaics~Galli- Resta et al, 1997Resta et al, , 1999Cellerino et al, 2000;Raven et al, 2003!. In this model, cells are positioned serially into the mosaic at random, subject to the constraint that the distance to the nearest-neighboring cell is greater than some minimal distance, d min . However, there are two main differences between the two models.…”

Section: Modeling Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homotypic constraints dominate positioning of on- and off-center beta retinal ganglion cells

2005

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Beta retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of the cat are classified as either on-center or off-center, according to their response to light. The cell bodies of these on- and off-center RGCs are spatially distributed into regular patterns, known as retinal mosaics. In this paper, we investigate the nature of spatial dependencies between the positioning of on- and off-center RGCs by analysing maps of RGCs and simulating these patterns. We introduce principled approaches to parameter estimation, along with likelihood-based techniques to evaluate different hypotheses. Spatial constraints between cells within-type and between-type are assumed to be controlled by two univariate interaction functions and one bivariate interaction function. By making different assumptions on the shape of the bivariate interaction function, we can compare the hypothesis of statistical independence against the alternative hypothesis of functional independence, where interactions between type are limited to preventing somal overlap. Our findings suggest that the mosaics of on- and off-center beta RGCs are likely to be generated assuming functional independence between the two types. By contrast, allowing a more general form of bivariate interaction function did not improve the likelihood of generating the observed maps. On- and off-center beta RGCs are therefore likely to be positioned subject only to homotypic constraints and the physical constraint that no two somas of opposite type can occupy the same position.

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Section: Modeling Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homotypic constraints dominate positioning of on- and off-center beta retinal ganglion cells

2005

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“…Differential retinal expansion may then create the variation in cell density, and, through interstitial dendritic growth, the corresponding variation in dendritic field size to which density is inversely related (Lia et al, 1987;Wässle et al, 1989;Rodieck and Marshak, 1992;Scheibe et al, 1995;Cellerino et al, 2000). Alternatively, horizontal cells may interact with neighboring cells during development to produce the correlation between intercellular spacing and dendritic field size, whereas their cone afferents may stimulate the detailed formation of their dendritic morphology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Afferents and Homotypic Neighbors Regulate Horizontal Cell Morphology, Connectivity, and Retinal Coverage

Reese¹,

Raven²,

Stagg³

2005

J. Neurosci.

101

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Horizontal cells are inhibitory interneurons with laterally oriented dendrites that overlap one another, contacting the pedicles of cone photoreceptors. Because of their regular spacing, the network of horizontal cells provides a uniform coverage of the retinal surface. The developmental processes establishing these network properties are undefined, but cell-intrinsic instructions and interactions with other cells have each been suggested to play a role. Here, we show that the intercellular spacing of horizontal cells is essentially independent of genetic background and is predicted by local density, suggesting that horizontal cell positioning is modulated by proximity to other horizontal cells. Dendritic field area compensates for this variation in intercellular spacing, maintaining constant dendritic coverage between strains. Functional dendritic overlap is achieved anatomically at the level of the pedicles, where horizontal cells interact with one another to establish their connectivity: the number of dendritic terminals contacting a pedicle changes, reciprocally, between neighboring horizontal cells during development based on their relative proximity to each pedicle. Cellular morphology is also shown to be regulated by the afferents themselves: afferent elimination before innervation does not alter dendritic field size nor stratification but compromises dendritic branching and prevents terminal formation. Afferent and homotypic interactions therefore generate the morphology, spacing, and connectivity of horizontal cells underlying their functional coverage of the retina.

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“…Unlike Cellerino et al (2000), we identified other asymmetrical somata in the dorsal GCL. These were consistently shown with Wilson et al…”

Section: Comparison With Previous Studies On Chicken Retinamentioning

confidence: 62%

“…These cells were also Brn3 -negative but, because of their much lighter staining and also because they clearly were not part of the very regular array of darkly staining cells, we presume them to be a different cell type. While Cellerino et al (2000) described the ventral retina as almost devoid of nitrergic cells in the GCL, we were able to see a variety of cells ranging from moderately to very faintly stained. Some cells were Brn3-negative and might belong to the same population as the lightly staining cells of the dorsal retina, but others were Brn3-positive, and therefore represent a third cell type in the GCL.…”

Section: Comparison With Previous Studies On Chicken Retinamentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Although the soma shape, asymmetrical and teardrop-like, is unusual for ganglion cells (Ehrlich, 1981), Cellerino et al (2000) identified these as ganglion cells because they degenerated following cuts through the fiber layer made near the optic nerve head. We found these cells to be uniformly negative for Brn3, a transcription factor expressed in almost all ganglion cells (Fischer et al, 2002) and, although dendrites were often visible with NADPHd, we were never able to see an axon with this method.…”

Section: Comparison With Previous Studies On Chicken Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regional distribution of nitrergic neurons in the inner retina of the chicken

et al. 2011

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Using both NADPH diaphorase and anti-nNOS antibodies, we have identified-from retinal flatmounts-neuronal types in the inner retina of the chicken that are likely to be nitrergic. The two methods gave similar results and yielded a total of 15 types of neurons, comprising 9 amacrine cells, 5 ganglion cells, and 1 centrifugal midbrain neuron. Six of these 15 cell types are ubiquitously distributed, comprising 3 amacrine cells, 2 displaced ganglion cells, and a presumed orthotopic ganglion cell. The remaining nine cell types are regionally restricted within the retina. As previously reported, efferent fibers of midbrain neurons and their postsynaptic partners, the unusual axon-bearing target amacrine cells, are entirely confined to the ventral retina. Also confined to the ventral retina, though with somewhat different distributions, are the "bullwhip" amacrine cells thought to be involved in eye growth, an orthotopic ganglion cell, and two types of large axon-bearing amacrine cells whose dendrites and axons lie in stratum 1 of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Intracellular fills of these two cell types showed that only a minority of otherwise morphologically indistinguishable neurons are nitrergic. Two amacrine cells that branch throughout the IPL are confined to an equatorial band, and one small-field orthotopic ganglion cell that branches in the proximal IPL is entirely dorsal. These findings suggest that the retina uses different processing on different regions of the visual image, though the benefit of this is presently obscure.

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Retinal ganglion cells with NADPH‐diaphorase activity in the chick form a regular mosaic with a strong dorsoventral asymmetry that can be modelled by a minimal spacing rule

Cited by 21 publications

References 47 publications

Homotypic constraints dominate positioning of on- and off-center beta retinal ganglion cells

Homotypic constraints dominate positioning of on- and off-center beta retinal ganglion cells

Afferents and Homotypic Neighbors Regulate Horizontal Cell Morphology, Connectivity, and Retinal Coverage

Regional distribution of nitrergic neurons in the inner retina of the chicken

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