Retinal and visual system

Fox, Donald A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-62627-1.00017-2

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 142 publications

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“…About 3000 chemicals are toxic to the human eye and visual system [171]. Retinotoxic effects for organic solvents and metals have been described, not only for humans [172] but also for fish [173–176], for which most literature focuses on effects of methylmercury and ethanol. Moreover, the fish retina was affected upon herbicide [177, 178] and pesticide exposure [179] and was shown to accumulate cocaine [180].…”

Section: Sensory System Tests In Eco-neurotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

An ecotoxicological view on neurotoxicity assessment

et al. 2018

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The numbers of potential neurotoxicants in the environment are raising and pose a great risk for humans and the environment. Currently neurotoxicity assessment is mostly performed to predict and prevent harm to human populations. Despite all the efforts invested in the last years in developing novel in vitro or in silico test systems, in vivo tests with rodents are still the only accepted test for neurotoxicity risk assessment in Europe. Despite an increasing number of reports of species showing altered behaviour, neurotoxicity assessment for species in the environment is not required and therefore mostly not performed. Considering the increasing numbers of environmental contaminants with potential neurotoxic potential, eco-neurotoxicity should be also considered in risk assessment. In order to do so novel test systems are needed that can cope with species differences within ecosystems. In the field, online-biomonitoring systems using behavioural information could be used to detect neurotoxic effects and effect-directed analyses could be applied to identify the neurotoxicants causing the effect. Additionally, toxic pressure calculations in combination with mixture modelling could use environmental chemical monitoring data to predict adverse effects and prioritize pollutants for laboratory testing. Cheminformatics based on computational toxicological data from in vitro and in vivo studies could help to identify potential neurotoxicants. An array of in vitro assays covering different modes of action could be applied to screen compounds for neurotoxicity. The selection of in vitro assays could be guided by AOPs relevant for eco-neurotoxicity. In order to be able to perform risk assessment for eco-neurotoxicity, methods need to focus on the most sensitive species in an ecosystem. A test battery using species from different trophic levels might be the best approach. To implement eco-neurotoxicity assessment into European risk assessment, cheminformatics and in vitro screening tests could be used as first approach to identify eco-neurotoxic pollutants. In a second step, a small species test battery could be applied to assess the risks of ecosystems.

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Section: Sensory System Tests In Eco-neurotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

An ecotoxicological view on neurotoxicity assessment

et al. 2018

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“…The visual system is a known target for methyl Hg toxicity from fish consumption. Visual field constriction is a recognized cardinal feature of Minamata disease, a severe neurological disorder first described following high exposure to methyl Hg in the Minamata Bay [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Imaging studies have shown that such visual field constrictions were associated with alterations in the striate cortex [ 23 , 24 , 25 ], corresponding to the retinotopic mapping of the visual cortex [ 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Characteristics of Adults with Long-Standing History of Dietary Exposure to Mercury in Grassy Narrows First Nation, Canada

Tousignant

Chatillon

Philibert

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Since the 1960s, Grassy Narrows First Nation (Ontario, Canada) has been exposed to methyl mercury (Hg) through fish consumption, resulting from industrial pollution of their territorial waters. This cross-sectional study describes the visual characteristics of adults with documented Hg exposure between 1970 and 1997. Oculo-visual examinations of 80 community members included visual acuity, automated visual fields, optical coherence tomography [OCT], color vision and contrast sensitivity. Median age was 57 years (IQR 51–63) and 55% of participants were women. Median visual acuity was 0.1 logMAR (Snellen 6/6.4; IQR 0–0.2). A total of 26% of participants presented a Visual Field Index inferior to 62%, and qualitative losses assessment showed concentric constriction (18%), end-stage concentric loss (18%), and complex defects (24%). On OCT, retinal nerve fiber layer scans showed 74% of participants within normal/green range. For color testing with the Hardy, Rand, and Rittler test, 40% presented at least one type of color defect, and with the Lanthony D-15 test, median color confusion index was 1.59 (IQR 1.33–1.96). Contrast sensitivity showed moderate loss for 83% of participants. These findings demonstrate important loss of visual field, color vision, and contrast sensitivity in older adults in a context of long-term exposure to Hg in Grassy Narrows First Nation.

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“…Case-control studies (Costa et al 2012;Jiménez Barbosa, Boon, and Khuu 2015;Lacerda et al 2012;Oliveira et al 2018) have repeatedly reported that organic solvents in occupational contexts have adverse effects on human visual function, in particular, causing deficits in color vision and contrast sensitivity. The organic solvents most frequently mentioned have been carbon disulfide, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene, styrene, toluene, and organic solvent mixtures (Fox 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Questions nonetheless remain about the pathogenesis of this visual loss associated with occupational exposure (Oliveira et al 2018;Fox 2015). Costa et al (Costa et al 2012) listed some of the suggested causal mechanisms, including axonopathy of the visual pathway, disruption of photoreceptor function, and cortical (and/or retinal) changes in neurotransmitter systems such as glutamate, dopamine, and acetylcholine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Costa et al (Costa et al 2012) listed some of the suggested causal mechanisms, including axonopathy of the visual pathway, disruption of photoreceptor function, and cortical (and/or retinal) changes in neurotransmitter systems such as glutamate, dopamine, and acetylcholine. Alterations in visual functioning, even subclinical, may have negative consequences on individuals' mental and physical health and social functioning (Fox 2015). A few other observational studies have shown associations between maternal occupational exposure to solvents during pregnancy and a decrease in their offspring's visual function, including contrast sensitivity (Till et al 2005;2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prenatal exposure to glycol ethers and visual contrast sensitivity in 6-year-old children in the PELAGIE mother-child cohort

Tillaut

Garlantézec

Warembourg

et al. 2021

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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BackgroundMaternal occupational exposure to organic solvents during pregnancy has been associated with decreased visual function in offspring. Glycol ethers (GEs) belong to oxygenated solvents and are widely used both in occupational and domestic contexts. ObjectivesWe aimed to assess associations between prenatal GEs exposure and contrast sensitivity in children. Methods SixGE alkoxy carboxylic acidic metabolites (methoxyacetic acid [MAA], ethoxyacetic acid [EAA], ethoxyethoxyacetic acid [EEAA], butoxyacetic acid [BAA], phenoxyacetic acid [PhAA], and 2methoxypropionic acid [2-MPA]) were measured in first morning void urine samples collected from 220early-pregnancy women, in the mother-child PELAGIE cohort (France). Trained investigators administered the Functional Acuity Contrast Test (FACT) to the 6-year-old children, providing scores for 5 spatial frequencies (1.5-18 cycles per degree (cpd)). We standardized biomarker urinary concentrations on urine sampling conditions. Values below the LOD were imputed based on lognormal distribution, generating five datasets for multiple imputation. Linear regression models were adjusted for potential confounders. ResultsGE metabolites were detected in 70-98% of maternal urine samples. Phenoxyacetic acid (PhAA) had the highest median concentration (0.33 mg/L), and 2-methoxypropionic acid (2-MPA) the lowest (0.01 mg/L). Children with higher prenatal PhAA concentrations had poorer FACT scores at various spatial frequencies (fourth vs. first quartile: β18cpd= -0.90 (95% confidence interval CI =-1.64, -0.16), β12cpd= -0.92 (95%CI =-1.55, -0.29) and β1.5cpd= -0.69 (95%CI =-1.19, -0.20)). The 2-MPA log-scale concentration was negatively associated with the FACT score at the 3-cpd stimulus. DiscussionPhAA is the metabolite of ethylene glycol monophenyl ether present in many cosmetics. 2-MPA is the metabolite of an isomer of propylene glycol methyl ether commonly present in household and industrial cleaning products. Although evidence of biological plausibility is lacking, the study suggests adverse impact of ubiquitous prenatal exposure to some GE on visual functioning among children.

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Retinal and visual system

Cited by 18 publications

References 142 publications

An ecotoxicological view on neurotoxicity assessment

An ecotoxicological view on neurotoxicity assessment

Visual Characteristics of Adults with Long-Standing History of Dietary Exposure to Mercury in Grassy Narrows First Nation, Canada

Prenatal exposure to glycol ethers and visual contrast sensitivity in 6-year-old children in the PELAGIE mother-child cohort

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