Rethinking T cell immunity in oropharyngeal candidiasis

Pirofski, Liise Anne; Casadevall, Arturo

doi:10.1084/jem.20090093

Cited by 34 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Murine and rat models have been valuable in advancing our understanding of Candida pathogenicity, antifungal pharmacokinetics, and the immune responses to Candida, including Candida vaginitis (reviewed in references 43, 88, and 177). Infection with C. albicans in these rodents is a de novo event in a naïve host which differs significantly from humans, who develop immune responses to Candida early in life, as C. albicans is a commensal organism of the gastrointestinal tract and often of the genital tract (43,88,198).…”

Section: Animal and Other Models For Genitourinary Candidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Candida Infections of the Genitourinary Tract

2010

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SUMMARYAll humans are colonized withCandidaspecies, mostlyCandida albicans, yet some develop diseases due toCandida, among which genitourinary manifestations are extremely common. The forms of genitourinary candidiasis are distinct from each other and affect different populations. While vulvovaginal candidiasis affects mostly healthy women, candiduria occurs typically in elderly, hospitalized, or immunocompromised patients and in neonates. Despite its high incidence and clinical relevance, genitourinary candidiasis is understudied, and therefore, important questions about pathogenesis and treatment guidelines remain to be resolved. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about genitourinary candidiasis.

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Section: Animal and Other Models For Genitourinary Candidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Candida Infections of the Genitourinary Tract

2010

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“…However, disruptions in host immune status, barrier function, or local microenvironment (including microbiota composition) can lead to changes in C. albicans growth and physiology (gene/protein expression, metabolism, morphology), which can cause host damage, both microbe mediated and/or host mediated. Depending on the magnitude of damage, disease ensues, which can be acute and/or recurrent in nature (4,(17)(18)(19). As a result, C. albicans infections are recognized as a serious public health challenge with high clinical and socioeconomic importance, representing one of the most prevalent agents identified in nosocomial infections (10,20,21).…”

Section: Candida Albicans: a Versatile Fungal Pathogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Originally, it was thought that the primary protective mechanism by CD4 ϩ T cells was the Th1 phagocyte-dependent response (37). However, the discovery of the Th17 axis and subsequent in vivo studies using the OPC model identified the CD4 ϩ Th17 response as the primary protective response (17,50). Importantly, in the absence of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and related cytokines IL-12 and gamma interferon (IFN-␥), innate cell recruitment, activation, and phagocytosis of C. albicans cells fail to occur.…”

Section: Fitting C Albicans Within the Damage Response Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Candida albicans Pathogenesis: Fitting within the Host-Microbe Damage Response Framework

et al. 2016

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f Historically, the nature and extent of host damage by a microbe were considered highly dependent on virulence attributes of the microbe. However, it has become clear that disease is a complex outcome which can arise because of pathogen-mediated damage, host-mediated damage, or both, with active participation from the host microbiota. This awareness led to the formulation of the damage response framework (DRF), a revolutionary concept that defined microbial virulence as a function of host immunity. The DRF outlines six classifications of host damage outcomes based on the microbe and the strength of the immune response. In this review, we revisit this concept from the perspective of Candida albicans, a microbial pathogen uniquely adapted to its human host. This fungus commonly colonizes various anatomical sites without causing notable damage. However, depending on environmental conditions, a diverse array of diseases may occur, ranging from mucosal to invasive systemic infections resulting in microbe-mediated and/or host-mediated damage. Remarkably, C. albicans infections can fit into all six DRF classifications, depending on the anatomical site and associated host immune response. Here, we highlight some of these diverse and site-specific diseases and how they fit the DRF classifications, and we describe the animal models available to uncover pathogenic mechanisms and related host immune responses.

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“…Despite its prevalence, the pathogenesis of DS and the role of the immune response are not understood. The current dogma for the other major form of oral candidiasis, oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), is that a deficiency or reduction in Th1 or Th17 responses is associated with susceptibility to infection (16,26,37). As such, OPC predominately affects individuals with T cell deficiencies such as AIDS patients, infants, and patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy.…”

Section: Enture Stomatitis (Ds) Is An Inflammatory Fungal Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Contemporary Animal Model of Candida albicans-Associated Denture Stomatitis Using a Novel Intraoral Denture System

et al. 2012

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bDenture stomatitis (DS) is a fungal infection characterized by inflammation of the oral mucosa in direct contact with the denture and affects up to 50% of denture wearers. Despite the prevalence, very little is known about the role of fungal or host factors that contribute to pathogenesis. Recently, we developed a novel intraoral denture system for rodent research. This denture system consists of custom-fitted fixed and removable parts to allow repeated sampling and longitudinal studies. The purpose of this study was to use this denture system to develop a clinically relevant animal model of DS. To establish DS, rats were inoculated with pelleted Candida albicans, which resulted in sustained colonization of the denture and palate for 8 weeks postinoculation. Biofilm formation on the denture was observed by week 4 and on the palate by week 6 postinoculation. Rats were monitored for clinical signs of disease by assigning a clinical score after macroscopic examination of the palate tissue according to Newton's method. By week 4 postinoculation, the majority of inoculated rats with dentures exhibited a clinical score of 1 (pinpoint erythema). By week 6 and week 8 postinoculation, increasing percentages of rats exhibited a clinical score of 2 (diffuse erythema/ edema). Histological analysis of palate tissue demonstrated progressively increasing inflammatory cell recruitment throughout the time course of the infection. Palatal biofilm formation was commensurate with development of palatal erythema, which suggests a role for biofilm in the inflammatory response.

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Rethinking T cell immunity in oropharyngeal candidiasis

Cited by 34 publications

References 37 publications

Candida Infections of the Genitourinary Tract

Candida Infections of the Genitourinary Tract

Candida albicans Pathogenesis: Fitting within the Host-Microbe Damage Response Framework

Development of a Contemporary Animal Model of Candida albicans-Associated Denture Stomatitis Using a Novel Intraoral Denture System

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