Rethinking schizophrenia

Insel, Thomas R.

doi:10.1038/nature09552

Cited by 1,542 publications

(1,262 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…Advances in functional and anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MR/fMRI) have supported this hypothesis through providing a large body of work demonstrating changes in brain functioning as well anatomical parameters across cortical regions in schizophrenia. While this approach has yielded an impressive body of work, central questions regarding the pathophysiology have, however, remained unclear leading to a lack of progress in prevention and treatment [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dysconnectivity, large-scale networks and neuronal dynamics in schizophrenia

Uhlhaas

2013

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

157

143

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dysconnectivity, large-scale networks and neuronal dynamics in schizophrenia

Uhlhaas

2013

Current Opinion in Neurobiology

157

143

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Nowadays, we are living a reformulation of the classical concept of the psychotic illness (Insel, 2010), being seen as an heterogeneous disorder with a multisystemic impact from the beginning, in addition to its psychiatric expression (Kirkpatrick, 2009). Despite the growing number of published research studies in recent years, the etiology of psychotic disorders is far from being clarified (Bernardo and Bioque, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral Endocannabinoid System Dysregulation in First-Episode Psychosis

Bioque

García‐Bueno

MacDowell

et al. 2013

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Several hypotheses involving alterations of the immune system have been proposed among etiological explanations for psychotic disorders. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has a homeostatic role as an endogenous neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory system. Alterations of this system have been associated with psychosis. Cannabis use is a robust risk factor for these disorders that could alter the ECS signalling. In this study, 95 patients with a first episode of psychosis (FEP) and 90 healthy controls were recruited. Protein expression of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), the protein levels of the main endocannabinoid synthesizing enzymes N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase (NAPE) and diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL), and of degradation enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) were determined by western blot analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Patients with a FEP showed a decreased expression of CB2 and of both endocannabinoids synthesizing enzymes (NAPE and DAGL) in comparison to healthy controls. After controlling for age, gender, body mass index, and cannabis use, NAPE and DAGL expression remained significantly decreased, whereas FAAH and MAGL expression were increased. On the other hand, FEP subjects with history of severe cannabis use showed a larger ECS dysregulation compared with healthy controls. These results indicate an ECS dysregulation in PBMC of FEP patients. The alteration of the ECS presented at the initial phases of psychosis could be contributing to the pathophysiology of the disease and constitutes a possible biomarker of psychotic disorders and an interesting pharmacological target to take into account for therapeutic purposes.

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“…It has been estimated that around 1% of the world population suffers from this chronic and disabling disorder. The onset of schizophrenia usually occurs in late adolescence or early adult life, meaning great losses in educational, social, and economic outcomes for individuals and for society as a whole 2 . Currently available evidence suggests that schizophrenia occurs as the result of a combination of genetic, environmental, and social risk factors 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arterial spin labeling in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review

Guimarães¹,

Machado‐de‐Sousa²,

Crippa³

et al. 2016

Arch. Clin. Psychiatry (São Paulo)

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Background: Neuroimaging studies are an invaluable source of information about the physiopathology of schizophrenia. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a new magnetic resonance technique (MRI) that is able to effectively evaluate brain function without the use of radiation. Objective: To make a systematic review of studies using ASL to compare resting-state regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) patterns in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Methods: Original articles were searched for on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and PsycINFO electronic databases. The search terms used were 'arterial' , 'spin' , 'labeling' , and 'schizophrenia' . Only studies comparing resting-state rCBF were included, a qualitative synthesis was then performed. Results: Ten articles were included in the review among a total of 22. Decreased rCBF in schizophrenia patients was described in the anterior cingulate, cuneus, fusiform gyrus, frontal lobe, left middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, lingual gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, and parietal lobe. The putamen was the only region with increased rCBF in schizophrenia. Discussion: The evidence of the studies reviewed lends support to the concept of hipofrontality in schizophrenia. rCBF alterations were found in regions classically associated with schizophrenia. ASL seems to be valid, and reliable tool to assess schizophrenia.

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Rethinking schizophrenia

Cited by 1,542 publications

References 102 publications

Dysconnectivity, large-scale networks and neuronal dynamics in schizophrenia

Dysconnectivity, large-scale networks and neuronal dynamics in schizophrenia

Peripheral Endocannabinoid System Dysregulation in First-Episode Psychosis

Arterial spin labeling in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review

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