“…Alston and Dean (), Nilson (), Hochschild (), Kluegel and Smith (, ) also find that poverty is mainly perceived in relation to different geographies, cultures, education and income levels. Moreover, other studies (Carr & Maclachlan, ; Carr, ; Harper, Wagstaff, Newton, & Harrison, ; Harper, , , ; O'Connor, ; Mehryar, ; Furnham, ; Williamson, ; Novak, ; Hunt, ) argue that poverty is related to psychological factors. Shek () emphasizes that poverty is perceived as a personal problem, explained by the Chinese parents and adolescents in his study as being due to exploitation, lack of opportunity, and fate.…”