Retests in static perimetry

Rutishauser, Charlotte

doi:10.1007/bf02172722

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 1 publication

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“…If, however, the indices are border line, the examination can be continued with phase 2 in order to obtain more accurate results. Phase 2 is a re-test [5] of all the test locations, allowing more precise calcula tion of MD and MS, in addition to determination of cor rected LV (CLV) and the short-term fluctuation. This, in turn, allows a separation of real scotomas from deviations due to scatter.…”

Section: The Concept Of the Octopus Program M1mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Resolution Perimetry of the Central Visual Field

Kaiser

Bucher²,

Natale³

et al. 1994

Ophthalmologica

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The Octopus Program Ml was designed for the detection/follow-up of central or paracentral visual field defects in patients with neurological disorders or with macular or perimacular diseases. Within the central 25° visual field, 59 test locations provide a resolution of ≤ 1.4°. The differential light sensitivity is measured with ‘Octopus normal strategy’, i.e. a 4/2/1 staircase procedure. The Program M2X has 81 test locations in the central 10°, giving even higher resolution (≤ 0.7 °) of the central visual field. Both programs have 2 phases, the second being a re-test. Program M2X’s phases are divided into 4 stages and allow interruption anytime.

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Section: The Concept Of the Octopus Program M1mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Resolution Perimetry of the Central Visual Field

Kaiser

Bucher²,

Natale³

et al. 1994

Ophthalmologica

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Normal visual fields measured with Octopus Program G1

Zulauf

1994

Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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Exact knowledge of the normal variation of visual fields and the influence of age upon them is essential to differentiate normal from abnormal results, e.g., in glaucoma suspects. This study evaluates the normal variability of differential light sensitivity at individual test locations and incorporates a data base of a multicenter study performed with Octopus 201 perimeters using Program G1. The 824 fields thus obtained included 139 fields of 139 healthy volunteers who had undergone two previous visual fields and completed all three phases of the program. Sensitivity decreased linearly with age, an effect which for individual test locations ranged between 0.036 and 0.107 dB/year and which became more pronounced towards the periphery. On average, the age-related effects explained only 17% of the interindividual variation (range 4%-31%). The interindividual variation within a test averaged 4.6 dB2 and revealed a moderate, but quadratic increase towards the periphery. The intra-individual short-term variation was considerably lower, averaging 2.2 dB2. There was a similar modest, quadratic increase of the intra-individual variation towards the periphery. The results may help distinguish incipient disease manifestations from normal variation of perimetric results. Furthermore, the results give insight into the calculation of global visual field indices.

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The discovery of the Flammer syndrome: a historical and personal perspective

Flammer

Konieczka

2017

EPMA Journal

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This review describes the clinical and basic research that led to the description of Flammer syndrome. It is narrated from a personal perspective. This research was initiated by the observation of an increased long-term fluctuation of visual fields in a subgroup of glaucoma patients. As these patients had strikingly cold hands, peripheral blood flow was tested with a capillary microscopy, and vasospastic syndrome (VS) was diagnosed. Further studies on these patients revealed frequently weakened autoregulation of ocular blood flow and increased flow resistivity in retroocular vessels. Their retinal vessels were more rigid and irregular and responded less to flickering light. Holistic investigation demonstrated low blood pressure, silent myocardial ischaemia, altered beat-to-beat variation, altered gene expression in the lymphocytes, slightly increased plasma endothelin level and increased systemic oxidative stress. This combination of signs and symptoms was better described by the term primary vascular dysregulation (PVD) than by VS. Subsequent studies showed additional symptoms frequently related to PVD, such as low body mass index, cold extremities combined with slightly increased core temperature, prolonged sleep onset time, reduced feelings of thirst, increased sensitivity to smell and also for certain drugs and increased retinal venous pressure. To better characterise this entire syndrome, the term Flammer syndrome (FS) was introduced. Most subjects with FS were healthy. Nevertheless, FS seemed to increase the risk for certain eye diseases, particularly in younger patients. This included normal-tension glaucoma, anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy, retinal vein occlusions, Susac syndrome and central serous chorioretinopathy. Hereditary diseases, such as Leber’s optic neuropathy or retinitis pigmentosa, were also associated with FS, and FS symptoms and sings occurred more frequent in patients with multiple sclerosis or with acute hearing loss. Further research should lead to a more concise definition of FS, a precise diagnosis and tools for recognizing people at risk for associated diseases. This may ultimately lead to more efficient and more personalised treatment.

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Retests in static perimetry

Cited by 6 publications

References 1 publication

High-Resolution Perimetry of the Central Visual Field

High-Resolution Perimetry of the Central Visual Field

Normal visual fields measured with Octopus Program G1

The discovery of the Flammer syndrome: a historical and personal perspective

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