Retention of Mandibular Molars: Etiological Factors, Current Diagnostic Approaches, and Treatment Options

Abstract

The problem of tooth eruption is a common issue affecting nearly 20% of the population. Along with this, there is a growing trend of increased dentoalveolar anomalies in children and adults. One of such anomalies is the retention of the mandibular molars, which has always been a complex dentoalveolar pathology posing clinical challenges for orthodontists and oral surgeons. The aim of this study is to review and analyze relevant literature sources regarding the current etiological factors, diagnostic methods and treatment options for the retention of the mandibular molars. Tooth eruption is a complex and highly regulated process, which is currently the subject of research by many authors. There are various theories about the process of tooth eruption, often contradicting each other. Retention of molars should be considered as a pathological phenomenon with a multifactorial aetiology. Consequently, the approach to the diagnosis and treatment of this pathology cannot be standardized or unified. Therefore, there is a tendency to personalized approach both in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with dentoalveolar anomalies. In most cases, the diagnosis of molar retention is based on a clinical and x-ray examination. Notably, decision-making and treatment strategy selection rely on constantly evolving methods. Unfortunately, the acceleration and early completion of bone tissue maturation increase the frequency of tooth retention, pushing clinicians towards the early intervention. This, in turn, requires a revision of existing recommendations and protocols. The development of technology and the modern possibilities of digital planning open up new horizons and provide tools for addressing complex challenges; however, they require a multidisciplinary approach to implementing non-standard treatment methods involving both orthodontists and oral surgeons. Apparently, all novel techniques require careful analysis, which provides researchers with space for further investigations.