Retention of hydrogen in fcc metals irradiated at temperatures leading to high densities of bubbles or voids

A review of helium–hydrogen synergistic effects in radiation damage observed in fusion energy steels and an interaction model to guide future understanding

“…Examples include: hardening, loss of ductility, fracture toughness and creep strength, as well as macroscopic swelling of the material. Again, see reviews for more details [8].…”

“…Although hydrogen cannot be detected by using EDX method, the result shown in Fig. 13 8 . The presence of trace amounts (0.17 at.%) of yttrium detected from the hydroxide phase suggests the decomposition and dissolution of oxide nanoparticles/clusters previously located in the region as a result of the formation of hydroxide compound caused by the synergistic effect of displacement damage (ballistic effect) and the availability of a steady state concentration of hydrogen via implantation.…”

Radiation-induced stress relaxation in high temperature water of type 316L stainless steel evaluated by neutron diffraction

“…As one of the reasons, 59 Ni effects and bubble-enhanced stress relaxation are considered. Garner et al have shown that extra dpa generated by 59 Ni reactions enhanced irradiation creep [18][19][20], and helium and hydrogen bubbles generated by 59 Ni reactions enhanced irradiation creep [21][22].…”

Assessment of XM-19 as a Substitute for AISI 348 in ATR Service

“…While conventional wisdom dictates that the hydrogen will diffuse out of the steel, it was recently shown that the hydrogen is also trapped when there is a high density of helium-nucleated bubbles or voids. 22 Even more importantly, in a water-cooled reactor there are many other sources of hydrogen and this non-transmutant hydrogen is also trapped at very high levels in cavities. 22 In a publication by Thomas and Beeston,23 AISI 348 at 11% Ni was shown to develop very high densities of voids or bubbles after irradiation to 33 to 39 dpa at 350ºC in ATR.…”

“…22 Even more importantly, in a water-cooled reactor there are many other sources of hydrogen and this non-transmutant hydrogen is also trapped at very high levels in cavities. 22 In a publication by Thomas and Beeston,23 AISI 348 at 11% Ni was shown to develop very high densities of voids or bubbles after irradiation to 33 to 39 dpa at 350ºC in ATR. At that time it was assumed that the bubbles were pressurized only by helium.…”