Retention of chlorhexidine in the human oral cavity after mouth rinses

Bonesvoll, P.; Løkken, P; Rölla, Gunnar; Paus, Povel N.

doi:10.1016/0003-9969(74)90263-5

Cited by 190 publications

(117 citation statements)

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“…Tables 3 and 4 show distributions of MICs for streptococci and total bacterial clones, respectively, expressed as percentages of total numbers of randomly selected clones. 2 analysis of these data demonstrated that the only statistically significant shift in the susceptibility distribution occurred for the susceptibility of total bacteria to CHX.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Secondary interactions causing inhibition of proteolytic and glycosidic enzymes may also be significant (15). With respect to dental hygiene applications, the cationic nature of CHX enables it to bind to tooth surfaces and oral mucosa, reducing pellicle formation and increasing substantivity through controlled release of the agent (2). The efficacy of CHX in reducing oral bacterial viability (14,36,42), strongly inhibiting plaque regrowth, and preventing gingivitis (25) has been demonstrated in many studies (7).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of a Chlorhexidine Gluconate-Containing Mouthwash on the Vitality and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of In Vitro Oral Bacterial Ecosystems

McBain

Bartolo

Catrenich

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

117

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Oral bacterial microcosms, established using saliva inocula from three individuals, were maintained under a feast-famine regime within constant-depth film fermenters. Steady-state communities were exposed four times daily, postfeeding, to a chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate-containing mouthwash (CHXM) diluted to 0.06% (wt/vol) antimicrobial content. The microcosms were characterized by heterotrophic plate counts and PCRdenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). CHXM caused significant decreases in both total anaerobe and total aerobe/facultative anaerobe counts (P < 0.05), together with lesser decreases in gram-negative anaerobes. The degree of streptococcal and actinomycete inhibition varied considerably among individuals. DGGE showed that CHXM exposure caused considerable decreases in microbial diversity, including marked reductions in Prevotella sp. and Selenomonas infelix. Pure-culture studies of 10 oral bacteria (eight genera) showed that Actinomyces naeslundii, Veillonella dispar, Prevotella nigrescens, and the streptococci were highly susceptible to CHX, while Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Neisseria subflava were the least susceptible. Determination of the MICs of triclosan, CHX, erythromycin, penicillin V, vancomycin, and metronidazole for microcosm isolates, before and after 5 days of CHXM exposure, showed that CHXM exposure altered the distribution of isolates toward those that were less susceptible to CHX (P < 0.05). Changes in susceptibility distributions for the other test agents were not statistically significant. In conclusion, population changes in plaque microcosms following repeated exposure to CHXM represented an inhibition of the most susceptible flora with a clonal expansion of less susceptible species.Chlorhexidine (CHX), a cationic bis-biguanide biocide with low mammalian toxicity and broad-spectrum antibacterial (6) activity, was first described in 1954 (5). The primary mechanism of action of this biocide is membrane disruption, causing concentration-dependent growth inhibition and cell death (18). Secondary interactions causing inhibition of proteolytic and glycosidic enzymes may also be significant (15). With respect to dental hygiene applications, the cationic nature of CHX enables it to bind to tooth surfaces and oral mucosa, reducing pellicle formation and increasing substantivity through controlled release of the agent (2). The efficacy of CHX in reducing oral bacterial viability (14,36,42), strongly inhibiting plaque regrowth, and preventing gingivitis (25) has been demonstrated in many studies (7). Relatively few investigations have considered longer-term effects of CHX use. An early study, however, demonstrated that oral treatment of human volunteers with CHX resulted in a 30 to 50% reduction in total bacterial counts with an associated reduction in counts of Streptococcus mutans (38).Recent reports have demonstrated that the chlorinated diphenylether antibacterial triclosan (TCS) can select for mutants in the FabI gene of Escherichia coli at sublethal co...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a Chlorhexidine Gluconate-Containing Mouthwash on the Vitality and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of In Vitro Oral Bacterial Ecosystems

McBain

Bartolo

Catrenich

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

117

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“…[30][31][32] Studies with radiolabeled chlorhexidine mouthrinse have shown its ability to penetrate the intact mucosal barrier of the oral cavity or intestinal tract. 33,34 Ohtoshi et al 35 reported more than 30 cases of anaphylactic shock after the topical application of chlorhexidine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2016

IJPSR

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ABSTRACT:To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Octenidine (OCT) 0.1%, Chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.2% against bacterial strains of Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. The strains were inoculated in 7ml of brain heart infusion broth and diluted to reach the concentration equivalent (0.5 McFarland standard). 1ml of organism suspension was contacted with 1ml of each mouthwash and was removed at time interval of 3,5 and 10 minute and plated on Brain Heart Infusion agar. After 72 hours of incubation, colony counts were measured using stereomicroscope. Kruskal Wallis test was conducted on mean number of CFU. Post-hoc tests were conducted by using the Mann Whitney U test and Duncan's-test of multiple comparisons. The results showed that OCT 0.1% was found to be the most effective in substantially reducing total bacterial counts after 3, 5 and 10 min time interval. OCT 0.1% was found to be the most effective in substantially reducing total bacterial counts.

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“…Its substantivity in the oral cavity which prolongs its therapeutic effect, enables it to binds to salivary pellicles as well as hard tissues in the oral cavity, resulting in chlorhexidine titres in saliva for 12 hours or more after rinsing. 27 The oral preparation is in the form of chlorhexidine gluconate, which is a water-soluble compound, with a physiological pH that is dissociable, allowing the release of positively charged ions 28 which attaches to the negative bacterial charge. Chlorhexidine's bactericidal effect occurs through cell membrane lysis and cytoplasmic precipitation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%