Retene, pyrene and phenanthrene cause distinct molecular-level changes in the cardiac tissue of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae, part 1 – Transcriptomics

Endogenous AhR agonist FICZ accumulates in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) alevins exposed to a mixture of two PAHs, retene and fluoranthene

“…Establishment of body burden through HPLC analysis and confirmation of FICZ Preparation of alevins and HPLC analysis were performed as instructed by Rigaud et al (2020a) and Eriksson et al (2022a). In short, the 10 pooled alevins (per replicate) were homogenized by zirconium pellets (circumference of 1 and 2 mm; Next Advance, USA) in 70% acetonitrile (ACN; Fisher Scientific) using a standard model bullet blender (Next Advance).…”

“…Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a diverse and widespread group of environmental pollutants of either natural or anthropogenic origin (Wickström and Tolonen 1987 ; dos Santos et al 2018 ) and are always present as complex mixtures (Tissot and Welte 1978 ). From an aquatic toxicological perspective, the exact mechanisms of toxicity are not fully understood, even after decades of research employing multiple species of fish and types of PAHs (Heintz et al 2000 ; Brinkworth et al 2003 ; Wassenberg and Di Giulio 2004 ; Van Tiem and Di Giulio 2011 ; Clark et al 2013 ; Rigaud et al 2020a ). What is known is that different PAHs induce toxicity through different mechanisms and cause exposure and PAH specific toxicity profiles (Billiard et al 2008 ; Incardona et al 2011 ; Geier et al 2018 ; Rigaud et al 2020a , b ; Eriksson et al 2022a , b ).…”

“…From an aquatic toxicological perspective, the exact mechanisms of toxicity are not fully understood, even after decades of research employing multiple species of fish and types of PAHs (Heintz et al 2000 ; Brinkworth et al 2003 ; Wassenberg and Di Giulio 2004 ; Van Tiem and Di Giulio 2011 ; Clark et al 2013 ; Rigaud et al 2020a ). What is known is that different PAHs induce toxicity through different mechanisms and cause exposure and PAH specific toxicity profiles (Billiard et al 2008 ; Incardona et al 2011 ; Geier et al 2018 ; Rigaud et al 2020a , b ; Eriksson et al 2022a , b ). Additionally, heart structure and function are especially sensitive to the influence of PAH(s) during early life development of fish (Incardona et al 2011 , 2009 ; Vehniäinen et al 2016 ).…”

Phenanthrene alters the electrical activity of atrial and ventricular myocytes of a polar fish, the Navaga cod

“…In addition, specific effects on the cardiovascular system have been consistently reported following crude oil exposure in fishes ( Incardona et al., 2004 ; Incardona et al., 2005 ; Incardona et al., 2009 ; Adeyemo et al., 2015 ). Recently, a suite of studies ( Incardona et al., 2004 ; Incardona, 2017 ; Incardona et al., 2006 ) suggested low-molecular weight tricyclic PAHs such as phenanthrene (C 14 H 10 ) are largely responsible for the cardiotoxicity associated with crude oil exposure in fishes ( Incardona et al., 2004 ; Incardona, 2017 ; Incardona et al., 2006 ; Brette et al., 2014 ; Brette et al., 2017 ; Rigaud et al., 2020a , b ). Importantly, Incardona et al.…”

“…QT prolongation has been linked to human cardiac failure ( Marris et al., 2020a ) and thus assessment of compound potency on erg channel activity or I Kr current density, is a key component of environmental and pharmacological safety testing strategies ( Fermini et al., 2016 ). Phenanthrene is persistent, bioavailable, can readily penetrate membranes and thus can bioaccumulate over time ( Rigaud et al., 2020a , b ; Yin et al., 2007 ; Piazza et al., 2016 ; Zhang et al., 2013 ). For these reasons, phenanthrene is included in the list of priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US, EPA).…”