Retail Multinationals and Globalization:

Rugman, Alan M.; Girod, Stéphane

doi:10.1016/s0263-2373(02)00150-0

Cited by 102 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…That literature establishes convincingly that multinationals (MNEs) are not globally oriented, but rather undertake a majority of their business activities (sales and employment) and locate a majority of their assets within their home region as opposed to globally (outside their home region). A similar result has also been established for the trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) patterns for economiesVthat is, countries' trade and FDI tend to be concentrated in their respective regions [Rugman and Verbeke, 2004;Rugman and Moore, 2003;Rugman and Girod, 2003;Rugman and Brain, 2003;Rugman, 2000].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Are Regional Concentrations of OECD Exports and Outward FDI Consistent with Gravity?

Hejazi

2005

Atl Econ J

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A substantial amount of evidence has emerged indicating that a majority of the world's largest multinational enterprises concentrate activities in their home region. However, there are relatively few studies which test whether such concentrations are consistent with economic theory. This paper works to fill the void. It tests whether regional concentrations of OECD exports and outward FDI are consistent with predictions of a gravity model. The empirical evidence provided here indicates that exports are far more regional than the model predicts. As for FDI, the empirical evidence shows that intra-regional FDI in Europe is larger than the model predicts, whereas intra-regional FDI patterns within North America are consistent with gravity. Overall, this paper provides further support for Rugman's thesis that MNEs are best described as regional as opposed to global actors. Copyright International Atlantic Economic Society 2005F21, F23,

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Are Regional Concentrations of OECD Exports and Outward FDI Consistent with Gravity?

Hejazi

2005

Atl Econ J

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“…these banks also had some retail banking operations overseas, but their importance to the overall operations was small. Rugman and Girod's (2003) findings on Ahold, a retailer from the Netherlands, reported a very unique pattern of growth. the company avoided direct competition with the global MNes of the industry in their neighbouring countries, for example, in Germany, France, and the UK, and instead entered spain, scandinavia, and North america.…”

Section: Challenges In Internationalisation For Service Mnes From Smamentioning

confidence: 95%

How well do Traditional Theories Explain the Internationalisation of Service MNEs from Small and Open Economies? – Case: National Telecommunication Companies

2009

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and Key Results: 0 this paper discusses international market and operation strategies of service MNes from small and open economies (sMOPecs). the focus in the analysis will be on the special challenges that these type of companies face in their internationalisation process. 0 a conceptual framework and propositions are developed based on earlier research of internationalisation of manufacturing companies and companies in different service sectors. a multicase study of four service MNes, which are telecommunications operators (telcos), is used to illustrate and test the propositions. 0 international processes of the case companies deviate in many areas from those suggested by traditional theories, especially their market strategies. Several industry specific characteristics played an important part in this, as they further enhanced many challenges common to internationalising companies from smaller countries.

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“…At the industry level, research has found very little evidence of MNEs following global strategies in automobile, pharmaceutical, retail and food and beverage industries (schlie and Yip 2000; Rugman and Girod 2003;Rugman 2005;Oh and Rugman 2006;Filippaios and Rama 2008). The service sector, for example, has been found to have higher intraregional sales than manufacturing firms.…”

Section: Regional Versus Global Orientationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographic Orientation and Performance

Beleska‐Spasova

Glaister

2010

Manag Int Rev

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0 the main objectives of the study are to investigate the regional competitive orientation of British exporting SMEs, to explore the relationship between the firm's level of geographic diversification and its organizational characteristics and to assess the nature of the international (geographic) diversification/export performance nexus. 0 the main contribution of this study is in providing novel empirical evidence on the degree of regional orientation among British exporting sMes and its implications for their performance. 0The findings imply that while British exporters are predominantly regional in their geographic spread, they might be more multi-regional and global oriented than previously thought.

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Retail Multinationals and Globalization:

Cited by 102 publications

References 2 publications

Are Regional Concentrations of OECD Exports and Outward FDI Consistent with Gravity?

Are Regional Concentrations of OECD Exports and Outward FDI Consistent with Gravity?

How well do Traditional Theories Explain the Internationalisation of Service MNEs from Small and Open Economies? – Case: National Telecommunication Companies

Geographic Orientation and Performance

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