Resurgences of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) induced by synthetic pyrethroids

<strong>Effects of sublethal concentrations of bifenthrin on the two-spotted spider mite, <em>Tetranychus urticae</em> (Acari: Tetranychidae)</strong>

“…Many reports have indicated, however, that the application of an insecticide or acaricide at sublethal concentrations may cause pest numbers to increase rather than decline (Gerson & Cohen 1989;Morse & Zareh 1991;Zeng & Wang 2010). The stimulation of populations caused by sublethal concentrations of pesticides is incompletely understood but may result from a suppression of natural enemies (Dutcher 2007;Raupp et al 2010;Abedi et al 2014), a stimulation of reproduction, an increase in egg hatching, and an enhancement of pre-imaginal survivorship (Zeng & Wang 2010).…”

“…Because of their rapid action and excellent contact toxicity against a broad-spectrum of arthropod pests, pyrethroids are often used to control insects and spider mites (Herron et al 2001;Zhang et al 2012). The effects of lethal and Article sublethal concentrations of some pyrethroid insecticides on various mite species have been investigated (Liu et al 1998;Bowi et al 2001;Zhang et al 2012), and most studies have found that pyrethroid application induces resurgence of the pest population (Gerson & Cohen 1989;Dutcher 2007). In a laboratory study with the mite T. cinnabarinus, deltamethrin increased oviposition and cypermethrin increased population growth, suggesting that application of these pyrethroids probably contributed to the population resurgence observed in treated fields (Liu et al 1998).…”

Spider mites associated to soybean in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

“…Such occurrence has been considered abnormal and could be associated with alterations of the soybean production system. Among the factors probably favoring the occurrence of mites are the use of new soybean cultivars, with favorable nutritional and morphological composition (Elden, 1997;Ali, 1999;Abraham, 2000;Rita & Lajos, 2001), increased use of glyphosate, which may reduce the biological diversity of the system and affect the arthropod population (Buckelew et al, 2000;Bitzer et al, 2002;Scursoni et al, 2006) and can be detrimental to entomopathogenic fungi (Morjan et al, 2002), pesticide use for pest management, which can influence, directly and indirectly, the spider mite population (Gerson & Cohen, 1989;Trichilo & Wilson, 1993;Grout et al, 1997;Childers & About-Setta, 1999;Sato et al, 2001Sato et al, , 2002James, 2003;Beers et al, 2005;Prischmann et al, 2005), and the occurrence of droughts (Flechtmann, 1972).…”

Compatibility of ten acaricides with Beauveria bassiana and enhancement of fungal infection to Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari: Tetranychidae) eggs by sublethal application rates of pyridaben

“…Long-term overuse of chemical insecticides for insect control may have resulted in spider mite resurgence and subsequent high-level resistance to common pesticides (Gerson and Cohen, 1989;Ambikadevi and Samarjit, 1997). The mite pest can develop up to 100-fold resistance to dicofol within 6-16 generations (Dagli and Tunc, 2001), developed a resistance of over 460-fold to parathion in the 1980s (Wu et al, 1990), and has been highly resistant to at least 25 chemical pesticides commonly applied in China (Guo et al, 1998).…”