Resurgence of previously reinforced responding: Research and application.

Lattal, Kennon A.; Peter, Claire C. St.

doi:10.1037/h0100669

Cited by 85 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In Phase 3, the pigeons were then transitioned to a leaner VI 360-s schedule for the alternative treadle-pressing. The authors found resurgence of target keypecking at low levels during longer interreinforcer intervals of the VI 360-s schedule, which effectively served as local periods of extinction (see Lattal & St. Peter Pipkin, 2009). Along with our study, these findings suggest that resurgence is a function of time without alternative reinforcement, even on relatively brief time scales.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative analysis of local-level resurgence

2016

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Resurgence is the recurrence of a previously reinforced and then extinguished behavior induced by the extinction of another more recently reinforced behavior. Resurgence provides insight into behavioral processes relevant to treatment relapse of a range of problem behaviors. Resurgence is typically studied across three phases: (1) reinforcement of a target response, (2) extinction of the target and concurrent reinforcement of an alternative response, and (3) extinction of the alternative response, resulting in the recurrence of target responding. Because each phase typically occurs successively and spans multiple sessions, extended time frames separate the training and resurgence of target responding. This study assessed resurgence more dynamically and throughout ongoing training in 6 pigeons. Baseline entailed 50-s trials of a freeoperant psychophysical procedure, resembling Phases 1 and 2 of typical resurgence procedures. During the first 25 s, we reinforced target (left-key) responding but not alternative (right-key) responding; contingencies reversed during the second 25 s. Target and alternative responding followed the baseline reinforcement contingencies, with alternative responding replacing target responding across the 50 s. We observed resurgence of target responding during signaled and unsignaled probes that extended trial durations an additional 100 s in extinction. Furthermore, resurgence was greater and/or sooner when probes were signaled, suggesting an important role of discriminating transitions to extinction in resurgence. The data were well described by an extension of a stimulus-control model of discrimination that assumes resurgence is the result of generalization of obtained reinforcers across space and time. Therefore, the present findings introduce novel methods and quantitative analyses for assessing behavioral processes underlying resurgence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative analysis of local-level resurgence

2016

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“…Many popular behavioral treatments involve alternative reinforcement, such as contingency management for substance abuse (e.g., Higgins et al, 2010; Silverman et al, 2007) and differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) in individuals with intellectual or developmental disabilities (Petscher, Rey, & Bailey, 2009). Although treatments that use alternative reinforcement are often effective at reducing problem behavior during treatment, the risk of relapse when alternative reinforcement is reduced or removed has led to a recent revival in basic (Lieving & Lattal, 2003; Quick, Pyszczynski, Colston, & Shahan, 2011; Winterbauer & Bouton, 2010) and applied (Volkert, Lerman, Call,& Trosclaire-Lasserre, 2009) research on resurgence (see Lattal & St. Peter Pipkin, 2009, for a review).…”

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confidence: 99%

Behavioral momentum and resurgence: Effects of time in extinction and repeated resurgence tests

Sweeney

Shahan

2013

Learn Behav

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Resurgence is an increase in a previously extinguished operant response that occurs if an alternative reinforcement introduced during extinction is removed. Shahan and Sweeney (2011) developed a quantitative model of resurgence based on behavioral momentum theory that captures existing data well and predicts that resurgence should decrease as time in extinction and exposure to the alternative reinforcement increases. Two experiments tested this prediction. The data from Experiment 1 suggested that without a return to baseline, resurgence decreases with increased exposure to alternative reinforcement and to extinction of the target response. Experiment 2 tested the predictions of the model across two conditions, one with constant alternative reinforcement for five sessions, and the other with alternative reinforcement removed three times. In both conditions, the alternative reinforcement was removed for the final test session. Experiment 2 again demonstrated a decrease in relapse across repeated resurgence tests. Furthermore, comparably little resurgence was observed at the same time point in extinction in the final test, despite dissimilar previous exposures to alternative reinforcement removal. The quantitative model provided a good description of the observed data in both experiments. More broadly, these data suggest that increased exposure to extinction may be a successful strategy to reduce resurgence. The relationship between these data and existing tests of the effect of time in extinction on resurgence is discussed.

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“…Resurgence refers to the reoccurrence of a response (i.e., crossovers) that had been replaced by a new response (i.e., stimulus selections) when the new response was no longer reinforced consistently (see Lattal & St. Peter Pipkin, 2007, for a review and Fig. 2 Grey bars indicate the maximum size of the S− in the 20-trial session, as a percentage of the full size, circles show discrimination accuracy, and squares show the percentage of trials with a BcrossoverB discussion of relevance to application).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adventitious Reinforcement of Maladaptive Stimulus Control Interferes with Learning

Saunders

Hine

Hayashi

et al. 2016

Behav Analysis Practice

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Persistent error patterns sometimes develop when teaching new discriminations. These patterns can be adventitiously reinforced, especially during long periods of chance-level responding (including baseline). Such behaviors can interfere with learning a new discrimination. They can also disrupt already learned discriminations, if they re-emerge during teaching procedures that generate errors. We present an example of this process. Our goal was to teach a boy with intellectual disabilities to touch one of two shapes on a computer screen (in technical terms, a simple simultaneous discrimination). We used a size-fading procedure. The correct stimulus was at full size, and the incorrect-stimulus size increased in increments of 10 %. Performance was nearly error free up to and including 60 % of full size. In a probe session with the incorrect stimulus at full size, however, accuracy plummeted. Also, a pattern of switching between choices, which apparently had been established in classroom instruction, re-emerged. The switching pattern interfered with already-learned discriminations. Despite having previously mastered a fading step with the incorrect stimulus up to 60 %, we were unable to maintain consistently high accuracy beyond 20 % of full size. We refined the teaching program such that fading was done in smaller steps (5 %), and decisions to "step back" to a smaller incorrect stimulus were made after every 5-instead of 20-trials. Errors were rare, switching behavior stopped, and he mastered the discrimination. This is a practical example of the importance of designing instruction that prevents adventitious reinforcement of maladaptive discriminated response patterns by reducing errors during acquisition.

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Resurgence of previously reinforced responding: Research and application.

Cited by 85 publications

References 36 publications

Quantitative analysis of local-level resurgence

Quantitative analysis of local-level resurgence

Behavioral momentum and resurgence: Effects of time in extinction and repeated resurgence tests

Adventitious Reinforcement of Maladaptive Stimulus Control Interferes with Learning

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