Resurgence of peripheral nerve stimulation with innovation in device technologies

Evaluation of therapeutic effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation on bone metastasis pain and its influence on immune function of patients

“…Electrodes are mostly placed on specific acupoints, which can produce acupuncture-like effects. Frequency conversion and different current intensity are commonly used in clinical application, in order to make the TEAS produce a variety of stimuli, inducing the central nervous system to secrete enough analgesic substances to achieve better therapeutic effects (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8). Preliminary studies have been carried out to explore this mechanism (5,(9)(10)(11)(12)(13).…”

Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Lower Extremity Pain

“…A similar wave of new information is now accruing for PNS. Implantation techniques evolved from invasive neurosurgical operations to outpatient procedures [ 3 ]. Earlier PNS procedures implemented SCS leads that were convergently evolved to target the spinal cord, but instead were used off-label to target peripheral nerves, and now there are multiple devices specifically designed for the periphery [ 1 , 3 , 57 ].…”

“…Implantation techniques evolved from invasive neurosurgical operations to outpatient procedures [ 3 ]. Earlier PNS procedures implemented SCS leads that were convergently evolved to target the spinal cord, but instead were used off-label to target peripheral nerves, and now there are multiple devices specifically designed for the periphery [ 1 , 3 , 57 ]. A key innovation in SCS came from the discovery that different types of waveform stimulation were better suited to different types of pain [ 32 ].…”

“…Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) is on the rise as an interventional pain treatment modality as evidence continues to mount regarding its therapeutic potential [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Interestingly, PNS actually predates spinal cord stimulation (SCS) as the first application of the gate theory of pain when Wall and Sweet applied stimulation to their own trigeminal nerve branches in the 1960s [ 5 ].…”

“…Interestingly, PNS actually predates spinal cord stimulation (SCS) as the first application of the gate theory of pain when Wall and Sweet applied stimulation to their own trigeminal nerve branches in the 1960s [ 5 ]. SCS later emerged as the mainstream application, however, new devices are now specifically tailored to target the peripheral nerves [ 1 , 3 , 6 ]. PNS involves the subcutaneous placement of electrode leads in close proximity to nerves that are in the distribution of the patient’s pain using fluoroscopic or ultrasound guidance, Figure 1 .…”