Results of two controlled studies on estrogen: avenue to neuroprotection in schizophrenia

Kulkarni, Jayashri; Castella, Anthony de; Downey, Melodie; White, Stephanie R.; Taffe, John Raymond; Fitzgerald, Paul B.; Burger, Huibert

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-57516-7_23

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…[20][21][22][23] In support to this theory, there are some data on the beneficial effect of adjunctive estrogen therapy in refractory female cases. [24][25][26][27][28] Explanations based on social factors 29 or biases in the diagnosis and identification of schizophrenia have been proposed, but all were rejected. 30,31 The magnitude of the difference between sexes is reported to vary depending on the definition of the age at onset and the method of assessing it, but it is probably 3 to 3.5 years, 13,20,31,32 and this is in accord with our findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are some data suggesting that age at menarche could be negatively associated with age at onset 19 and more specifically a specific protective effect of estrogens through down regulation of D2 receptors could be in place [20][21][22][23] . In support to this theory there are some data on the beneficial effect of adjunctive oestrogen therapy in refractory female cases [24][25][26][27][28] .…”

Section: Accepted Manuscript: Authors' Copy 16mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Patients were grouped according to gender (males vs females) and also according to duration in seven groups (<5, 5-10, 11-15, 16-20, 21-25, 26-30, and >31) and according to age at onset in four groups: very early onset (at age <15), early onset (at age [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], late onset (at age [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34], and very late onset (at age >34).…”

Section: Grouping Of Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender, age at onset, and duration of being ill as predictors for the long-term course and outcome of schizophrenia: an international multicenter study

et al. 2021

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Background The aim of the current study was to explore the effect of gender, age at onset, and duration on the long-term course of schizophrenia. Methods Twenty-nine centers from 25 countries representing all continents participated in the study that included 2358 patients aged 37.21 ± 11.87 years with a DSM-IV or DSM-5 diagnosis of schizophrenia; the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale as well as relevant clinicodemographic data were gathered. Analysis of variance and analysis of covariance were used, and the methodology corrected for the presence of potentially confounding effects. Results There was a 3-year later age at onset for females (P < .001) and lower rates of negative symptoms (P < .01) and higher depression/anxiety measures (P < .05) at some stages. The age at onset manifested a distribution with a single peak for both genders with a tendency of patients with younger onset having slower advancement through illness stages (P = .001). No significant effects were found concerning duration of illness. Discussion Our results confirmed a later onset and a possibly more benign course and outcome in females. Age at onset manifested a single peak in both genders, and surprisingly, earlier onset was related to a slower progression of the illness. No effect of duration has been detected. These results are partially in accord with the literature, but they also differ as a consequence of the different starting point of our methodology (a novel staging model), which in our opinion precluded the impact of confounding effects. Future research should focus on the therapeutic policy and implications of these results in more representative samples.

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