Results of the “carbon conference” international aerosol carbon round robin test stage I

Schmid, Heidrun; Laskus, L.; Abraham, Hans Jürgen; Baltensperger, Urs; Lavanchy, V.; Bizjak, M.; Burba, P.; Cachier, H.; Crow, Dale; Chow, Judith C.; Gnauk, T.; Even, A.; Brink, H.M. ten; Giesen, Klaus-Peter; Hitzenberger, R.; Hueglin, Christoph; Maenhaut, Willy; Pio, Casimiro; Carvalho, Abel; Putaud, Jean‐Philippe; Toom-Sauntry, D.; Puxbaum, Hans

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(00)00493-3

Cited by 424 publications

(339 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The EC concentrations ranged from 0.2 in Bismarck, ND to 1.4 mg/m 3 in New York City (Bronx Botanical Garden), NY. However, by the comparison of the results from different studies one should keep in mind that the EC amount is highly dependent upon the method used for the EC determination (Schmid et al, 2001). The VDI method, which we used in our study, was found to give generally higher amounts of EC than the thermal-optical methods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, multiple methods exist for measuring the elemental carbon content of particles, which may yield substantially different concentrations (Schmid et al, 2001). Since elemental or black carbon is the main light-absorbing substance in ambient air (Horvarth, 1993), EC measurements should be highly correlated with reflectance measurements, as in the old Black Smoke method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison between different traffic-related particle indicators: Elemental carbon (EC), PM2.5 mass, and absorbance

Cyrys

Heinrich

Hoek

et al. 2003

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

209

137

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Here we compare PM 2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 mm) mass and filter absorbance measurements with elemental carbon (EC) concentrations measured in parallel at the same site as well as collocated PM 2.5 and PM 10 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 mm) mass and absorbance measurements. The data were collected within the Traffic-Related Air Pollution on Childhood Asthma (TRAPCA) study in Germany, The Netherlands and Sweden. The study was designed to assess the health impact of spatial contrasts in long-term average concentrations. The measurement sites were distributed between background and traffic locations. Annual EC and PM 2.5 absorbance measurements were at traffic sites on average 43-84% and 26-76% higher, respectively, compared to urban background sites. The contrast for PM 2.5 mass measurements was lower (8-35%). The smaller contrast observed for PM 2.5 mass in comparison with PM 2.5 absorbance and EC documents that PM 2.5 mass underestimates exposure contrasts related to motorized traffic emissions. The correlation between PM 10 and PM 2.5 was high, documenting that most of the spatial variation of PM 10 was because of PM 2.5 . The measurement of PM 2.5 absorbance was highly correlated with EC measurements and suggests that absorbance can be used as a simple, inexpensive and non-destructive method to estimate motorized traffic-related particulate air pollution. The EC/absorbance relation differed between countries and site type (background/traffic), supporting the need for site-specific calibrations of the simple absorbance method. While the ratio between PM 2.5 and PM 10 mass ranged from 0.54 to 0.68, the ratio of PM 2.5 absorbance and PM 10 absorbance was 0.96-0.97, indicating that PM 2.5 absorbance captures nearly all of the particle absorbance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison between different traffic-related particle indicators: Elemental carbon (EC), PM2.5 mass, and absorbance

Cyrys

Heinrich

Hoek

et al. 2003

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

209

137

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Processes that remove BC from the atmosphere are not well understood, so its lifetime is uncertain. Estimates of BC mass in identical samples differ depending on the measurement method (10). Further, direct measurements of light absorptionsthe quantity most affecting climate warmingsoften disagree with predictions based on BC mass.…”

Section: Science: Disparity or Partnership?mentioning

confidence: 92%

Can Reducing Black Carbon Emissions Counteract Global Warming?

Bond

Sun

2005

Environ. Sci. Technol.

290

181

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“…It is not the objective of this review to summarize the differences in the EC measurements, but rather to highlight the fact that these measurements are different and that biases and errors can result in source attribution studies if the results from different methods are improperly integrated. Currie et al (2002) and Schmid et al (2001) have presented a comprehensive comparison of these methods and a large number of alternative EC analysis methods. In the NIOSH and IMPROVE methods, samples are collected on quartz fiber filters.…”

Section: Measurements Of Ecmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of elemental carbon as a marker for diesel particulate matter

Schauer

2003

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

213

123

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Elemental carbon (EC) in atmospheric particulate matter originates from a broad range of sources in many urban locations. As health and air quality studies are using elemental carbon measurements to better understand the impact of diesel engines and other combustion sources, there is a great need to clearly understand the relative source contributions to EC concentrations in the atmosphere. However, the different analytical techniques currently used to measure EC do not show good agreement for many particulate matter samples. To this end, studies that use EC as a tracer and integrate different analytical techniques for EC can significantly bias estimates of source contributions to atmospheric particulate matter. In addition, source attribution studies that do not properly address all sources of EC in the atmosphere can also lead to inaccuracies and biases. To better understand the use of EC as a tracer, a review of the distribution of EC in the primary particulate matter emissions from air pollution sources using different analytical methods is discussed. A review of previous apportionment studies of particulate matter is presented to elucidate the fraction of EC that results from emissions from diesel engines in urban locations. These results demonstrate that EC is not a unique tracer for diesel exhaust and efforts to utilize EC as an indicator of diesel exhaust must properly address other sources of EC as well as utilize a consistent measurement technique for EC when comparing source and ambient EC measurements to avoid significant biases.

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Results of the “carbon conference” international aerosol carbon round robin test stage I

Cited by 424 publications

References 16 publications

Comparison between different traffic-related particle indicators: Elemental carbon (EC), PM2.5 mass, and absorbance

Comparison between different traffic-related particle indicators: Elemental carbon (EC), PM2.5 mass, and absorbance

Can Reducing Black Carbon Emissions Counteract Global Warming?

Evaluation of elemental carbon as a marker for diesel particulate matter

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