Results of Ionsiv? Ie-95 Studies for the Removal of Radioactive Cesium From K-East Basin Spent Nuclear Fuel Pool During Decommissioning Activities

Jb, Duncan; Sp, Burke

doi:10.2172/934867

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Because of the extensive past research on the Cast Stone formulation (Lockrem 2005;Cooke et al 2003Cooke et al , 2009Lockrem et al 2003Lockrem et al , 2008Cooke and Lockrem 2005;Cooke et al 2006aCooke et al , 2006bCooke et al , 2006cCooke et al , 2006dDuncan et al 2009;Duncan and Burke 2008;Clark et al 2005Clark et al , 2006 and the similar Saltstone formulation used at the Savannah River Site to immobilize low-level tank wastes (Orebaugh 1992;Harbour et al 2006Harbour and Aloy 2007;Harbour and Williams 2008;Dixon et al 2008;, testing reported in this report relied on those previous works and did not include optimization of the dry blend material components or mix ratios beyond the research that has already been accomplished.…”

Section: Objectives and Purposementioning

confidence: 99%

“…CH2M Hill Hanford Group, Inc. developed this waste form to solidify numerous waste streams, including secondary waste generated at the Hanford Site. Several reports 1 (Lockrem 2005;Lockrem et al 2003Lockrem et al , 2008Cooke and Lockrem 2005;Cooke et al 2003Cooke et al , 2006aCooke et al , 2006bCooke et al , 2006cCooke et al , 2006dCooke et al , 2009Duncan et al 2009;Duncan and Burke 2008;Clark et al 2005Clark et al , 2006 exist on this topic. After 1.2 conducting screening tests on four different formulations, two of the formulations were selected by CH2M Hill Hanford Group, Inc. for further testing as shown in Table 1.1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Secondary Waste Form Development and Optimization—Cast Stone

Sundaram¹,

Parker²,

Valenta³

et al. 2011

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Washington River Protection Solutions is considering the design and construction of a Solidification Treatment Unit (STU) for the Effluent Treatment Facility (ETF) at the Hanford Site. The ETF is a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act-permitted, multi-waste, treatment and storage unit that can accept dangerous, low-level, and mixed wastewaters for treatment. The STU needs to be operational by 2018 to receive secondary liquid wastes generated during operation of the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP). The STU will provide the additional capacity needed for ETF to process the increased volume of secondary wastes expected to be produced by the WTP. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is conducting a secondary waste form screening program to support the evaluation and selection of waste forms to stabilize and solidify the liquid secondary waste stream from the WTP. The following monolith waste forms are being evaluated for immobilizing the secondary wastes: 1) Cast Stone; 2) DuraLith alkali aluminosilicate geopolymer; 3) Ceramicrete phosphate-bonded ceramic; and 4) THOR ® fluidized bed steam reforming waste product encapsulated in geopolymer. This report documents work to further develop and characterize the Cast Stone waste form. Other reports will cover the development and characterization of the other three waste forms. Follow-on activities will address the mechanisms of radionuclide retention to support disposal-system performance assessments, and regulatory and waste acceptance testing to demonstrate the waste forms will meet requirements for disposal at the Hanford Integrated Disposal Facility. Cast Stone (also called-Containerized Cast Stone‖) is a cementitious waste form that is essentially a mixture of Class F fly ash, Grade 100 or 120 blast furnace slag, and Type I/II Portland cement. CH2M Hill Hanford Group Inc. developed this waste form to solidify numerous waste streams, including secondary waste generated at the Hanford Site. The Cast Stone cementitious waste form is the current baseline for solidifying the liquid secondary wastes from the WTP. Pierce et al. (2010) demonstrated that the Cast Stone is a viable waste form for immobilizing WTP secondary wastes. This statement is based on the leachability of technetium-99 (99 Tc) as determined using draft U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) test methods examining contaminant diffusivity (Method 1315) and the impacts of solution pH (Method 1313) and liquid-to-solids ratio (Method 1316). 1 The Cast Stone testing reported here focused on optimizing waste loading and evaluating the robustness of the waste form to waste stream variability. Because of the extensive work on the Cast Stone formulation and the similar Saltstone formulation used at the Savannah River Site for low-level tank waste immobilization, testing conducted as part of this current test plan relied on those previous testing studies and did not aim to optimize the dry-blend material components or mix ratios beyond what has already been accomplished.

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Section: Objectives and Purposementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary Waste Form Development and Optimization—Cast Stone

Sundaram¹,

Parker²,

Valenta³

et al. 2011

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“…Duncan et al (2008) and Cooke et al (2009) achieved a waste loading (total weight of dry solids from the brine) of 28.9 wt% for a Basin 43 concentrated brine representative of a waste stream from the LERF. These details are shown in Table 2.15.…”

Section: Waste Loadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data Package for Secondary Waste Form Down-Selection—Cast Stone

Serne¹,

Westsik²

2011

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Executive SummaryThe objective of the data packages being generated for four potential waste forms for solidification/ stabilization of Hanford liquid secondary waste streams is to identify, evaluate, and summarize the existing information. This Cast Stone data package includes information available in the open literature and from data obtained from testing currently underway at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). As used at Hanford, the term Cast Stone describes a "grout"-based waste form made predominantly with fly ash and blast furnace slag (BFS) with lesser amounts of Portland cement as the starting dry blend. At Savannah River, this waste form is called Saltstone. The blend of grout reagents in Saltstone has been constant (45 weight percent [wt%] Grade 100 slag cement, 45 wt% Class F fly ash, and 10-wt% Type I/II Portland cement) since the Saltstone Disposal Facility began production in the early 1990s. At Hanford, some cementitious variants to Cast Stone have also been investigated, in which either the fly ash or the BFS is absent or replaced with another material. In this data package, these Cast Stone variants are included for completeness in the review. However, almost all the current Cast Stone waste form testing performed at PNNL uses a dry blend consisting of 47-wt% blast furnace slag (Grade 100), 45-wt% fly ash (Class F), and 8-wt% Portland cement (Type I/II). The sources of the three dry blend ingredients used at Hanford and Savannah River differ and may have subtle impacts on the physical and chemical attributes of the subsequent waste forms. The compositions of the secondary waste simulants used for the PNNL Cast Stone studies also differ from the simulants and actual wastes solidified at Savannah River; although both are caustic-, saline-and sodium-dominated solutions. The Hanford secondary waste simulants anion composition contains much less nitrate/nitrite than the waste streams solidified at Savannah River.Available literature on Cast Stone and Saltstone was reviewed with an emphasis on determining how Cast Stone and related grout waste forms performed in relationship to various criteria that will be used to decide whether a specific type of waste form meets acceptance criteria for disposal in the Integrated Disposal Facility (IDF) at Hanford. The draft waste acceptance criteria include the following requirements or targets:• acceptable leachate concentrations (less than the Universal Treatment Standards in 40 CFR 268) for Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) metals using the Toxicity Characteristic Leach Procedure (TCLP) leach test• low bleed water criteria (i.e., no bleed water is tolerated after 28 days of curing)• low leachability index (LI) values for sodium (LI>6), technetium-99 (target LI>9) and iodine-129 (target LI>11)• minimum compressive strength of 500 psi (3.45 MPa).Other attributes of the Cast Stone process were compared with additional criteria, such as:• worker and public safety concerns• cost effectiveness versus other candidate waste forms in regard to ...

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“…The Cast Stone (Figure 2.1) waste form was developed at the CH2M Hill Hanford Group Inc. to solidify numerous waste streams, including secondary waste generated at the Hanford Site (Lockrem 2005b, Cooke et al 2006a, 2006c, 2006dDuncan et al 2009, Duncan and Burke 2008, Cooke et al 2007). …”

Section: Containerized Cast Stonementioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Potential Candidate Stabilization Technologies for Liquid and Solid Secondary Waste Streams

Pierce¹,

Mattigod²,

Westsik³

et al. 2010

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Executive SummaryPacific Northwest National Laboratory has initiated a waste-form testing program to support the longterm durability evaluation of a waste form for secondary wastes generated from the treatment and immobilization of Hanford radioactive tank wastes. The purpose of the work discussed in this report is to identify candidate stabilization technologies and getters that have the potential to successfully treat the secondary waste stream liquid effluent, mainly from off-gas scrubbers and spent solids, produced by the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP). Down-selection to the most promising stabilization processes/waste forms is needed to support the design of a solidification treatment unit (STU) to be added to the Effluent Treatment Facility (ETF). To support key decision processes, an initial screening of the secondary liquid waste forms must be completed by February 2010. Later, more comprehensive and longer term performance testing will be conducted, following the guidance provided by the secondary waste-form selection, development, and performance evaluation roadmap. The resulting waste form will be compliant to regulations and performance criteria and will lead to cost-effective disposal of the secondary wastes.This report starts with a brief review of some of the most commonly used solidification formulations that would be candidates for secondary liquid waste streams. In this review, the available data on performance are discussed, and some preliminary recommendations are provided for materials that should undergo additional screening testing. We also 1) discuss options for disposal of WTP secondary solid waste streams, 2) provide a brief overview of standard regulatory test methods used for measuring contaminant leachability and waste-form physical strength (with emphasis on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's [EPA's] new methods as a screening tool for comparing waste solidification materials of interest), and 3) provide an overview of factors that must be considered in long-term performance testing, including state-of-the-art characterization tools that can provide the data needed to technically defend predictive modeling simulations of long-term material behavior. The long-term wasteform testing and solid and leachate characterization must be robust enough to effectively predict material performance in the Integrated Disposal Facility over the 10,000-year period of performance for the engineered system. The solidification technologies for liquid waste streams include cement/grout, containerized Cast Stone, phosphate-bonded ceramics, alkali-aluminosilicate geopolymers, hydroceramics, L-TEM, and fluidized-bed steam reforming (FBSR). In addition to these, other mature technologies and two compounds, namely goethite and sodalite (that are still being developed), that show considerable promise as waste forms or getters are also discussed. It is our recommendation, based upon the available literature, that Cast Stone, chemically bonded phosphate ceramics (Ceramicrete...

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Results of Ionsiv? Ie-95 Studies for the Removal of Radioactive Cesium From K-East Basin Spent Nuclear Fuel Pool During Decommissioning Activities

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Secondary Waste Form Development and Optimization—Cast Stone

Secondary Waste Form Development and Optimization—Cast Stone

Data Package for Secondary Waste Form Down-Selection—Cast Stone

Review of Potential Candidate Stabilization Technologies for Liquid and Solid Secondary Waste Streams

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