Results of a Stop-Smoking Program

Peterson, Donald I.; Lonergan, Lester H.; Hardinge, Mervyrt G.; Teel, Charles W.

doi:10.1080/00039896.1968.10665045

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In an analysis of previously published data, Shiffman (1979) demonstrated that the majority of symptoms reported by subjects to be related to relapse were more frequently reported by women than by men. Other studies have not, however, reported significant gender differences in the perceived severity of withdrawal symptoms (Trahair, 1967;Peterson et al, 1968), which has left this issue open to question.…”

Section: Overview Of Relevant Research Data Related To Predisposing Fmentioning

confidence: 98%

Gender Differences in Smoking Cessation

Orlandi

1987

Women & Health

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Men and women have traditionally consumed cigarettes very differently, demonstrating widely varying patterns of prevalence during the past eight decades. For example, though the prevalance of smoking among men increased dramatically soon after the turn of the century, an analogous though less dramatic increase among women was not observed for another 25-30 years. Similarly, when a dramatic decrease in smoking prevalence among men was observed following the 1964 Surgeon General's Report, a comparable decrease among women was not seen until 15 .years later. Such differences in smoking patterns have led to the widespread belief that giving up smoking is more difficult for women than it is for men. This paper reviews various studies which address this issue and suggests areas in which further research is needed.

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Section: Overview Of Relevant Research Data Related To Predisposing Fmentioning

confidence: 98%

Gender Differences in Smoking Cessation

Orlandi

1987

Women & Health

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“…Craving, a complex psychological phenomenon, has long been conceptually linked to drug use . Recently, drug craving was added as an SUD diagnostic criterion in DSM-5 , where it is defined as a “strong desire for drugs.” (p491) Importantly, craving is (1) cited by drug users as the cause of relapse in retrospective studies; (2) associated with subsequent drug use in prospective studies; and (3) linked to drug use in Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) studies . Craving that arises in response to drug-associated cues (ie, cue-induced craving) has also been shown to predict drug use and relapse, including in EMA studies .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Drug Cues and Craving With Drug Use and Relapse

2022

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IMPORTANCE Craving, which is a strong desire for drugs, is a new DSM-5 diagnostic criterion for substance use disorders (SUDs), which are the most prevalent, costly, and deadly forms of psychopathology. Despite decades of research, the roles of drug cues and craving in drug use and relapse remain controversial. OBJECTIVE To assess whether 4 types of drug cue and craving indicators, including cue exposure, physiological cue reactivity, cue-induced craving, and self-reported craving (without cue exposure), are prospectively associated with drug use and relapse.DATA SOURCES Google Scholar was searched for published studies from inception through December 31, 2018. In addition, backward and forward searches were performed on included articles to identify additional articles.STUDY SELECTION Included studies reported a prospective statistic that linked cue and craving indicators at time 1 to drug use or relapse at time 2, in humans. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESISThe Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Study characteristics and statistics were extracted and/or coded by 1 of the 2 authors and then checked by the other. Statistical analyses were performed from May to July 2021. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESRandom-effects models were used to calculate prospective odds ratios (ORs) representing the association between cue and craving indicators and subsequent drug use/relapse. RESULTS A total of 18 205 records were identified, and 237 studies were included. Across 656 statistics, representing 51 788 human participants (21 216 with confirmed SUDs), a significant prospective association of all cue and craving indicators with drug use/relapse was found (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.94-2.15), such that a 1-unit increase in cue and craving indicators was associated with more than double the odds of future drug use or relapse. A Rosenthal fail-safe analysis revealed that 180 092 null studies would need to be published to nullify this finding. Trim-and-fill analysis brought the adjusted effect size to an OR of 1.31 (95% CI,. Moderator analyses showed that some of the strongest associations were found for cue-induced craving, real cues or images, drug use outcome, same-day time lag, studies using ecological momentary assessment, and male participants. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Findings from this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that drug cue and craving indicators play significant roles in drug use and relapse outcomes and are an important mechanism underlying SUDs. Clinically, these results support incorporating craving assessment across stages of treatment, as early as primary care.

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“…Although adult men have abandoned tobacco at increasing rates, women have lagged behind; indeed, teenage girls (13 to 19 years of age) are the only age sex group showing an increase in smoking rate in recent years (Reeder, 1977). Although it would be unfounded at this point to link the greater adoption and maintenance of cigarette smoking in women to fear of weight gain, weight gain is known to be both a reason to avoid smoking cessation (Peterson, Longergan, Harding, & Teel, 1968) and a reason to return to smoking (Schachter, 1977).…”

Section: Differential Pressures To Be Slender: Real and Imagined Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The obese women: Causes, correlates, and treatment.

Hall¹,

Havassy²

1981

Professional Psychology

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Women are more likely to be obese than men. Pressures relative to the homemaker's role, activity levels, and stereotypically female characteristics no doubt contribute to these differences. Although there is a lack of compelling evidence relating obesity to longevity in women, there is considerable social pressure for women to be thin. The negative effects of this pressure are discussed. The relationship of treatment strategies to the problems of obese women is explored, and an argument is made for strategies that reach beyond traditional sex roles. The need for more thorough consideration of the forces determining both entry to and outcome of treatment is underscored.Few physical conditions carry the social disapproval and the easy visibility that accompany obesity. In American society, this disapproval and the pressure to be thin are differentially directed at women. This article summarizes the interaction between factors related to obesity and traditional female role expectations and the psychological implications of obesity in American women. It also explores some concerns about the treatment of obese women, especially those treatments developed from psychological theory and employed by psychologists. DefinitionsThe many complex issues in the measurement and definition of obesity exceed the scope of this article. Generally, obesity has been defined in two ways. The first of these is as a percentage deviation (usually a minimum of 10%-20%) from "ideal" weight. Ideal weight is derived from the Metropolitan Life Height and Weight Tables, United States Public Health Service (undated). However, having high body weight does not necessarily mean too much body fat (athletes are frequently "overweight" due to extra muscle development), and excess body fat is generally considered a better criterion for obesity (Seltzer & Mayer, 1965). Nonetheless, the former standard is more common, and in this article, as in most of the literature, the terms obesity or overweight refer to deviations from the Height and Weight Table standards.Most investigators assume obesity represents not just one disorder but many. Current research has frequently categorized obesity according to onset: juvenile or adult. This division is suggested to reflect fat cell structure and differential responsiveness to treatment (e.g., Rodin, Slochower, & Fleming, 1977). Sex Differences in Prevalence of ObesityDifferences in rates of obesity during childhood and adolescence are not clear-cut. Some investigators find boys are slightly more likely to be overweight than girls (Forbes, 1972;Stunkard, d'Aquili, Fox, & Filion, 1972); others have found the reverse relationship (Johnson, Burke, & Mayer, 1956). Exact figures for adults are difficult to present due to differing standards of obesity and methods of measurement among studies. The adult data do suggest that by age 30, women are clearly more likely to

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Results of a Stop-Smoking Program

Cited by 18 publications

References 6 publications

Gender Differences in Smoking Cessation

Gender Differences in Smoking Cessation

Association of Drug Cues and Craving With Drug Use and Relapse

The obese women: Causes, correlates, and treatment.

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