Results from Scotland's 2021 report card on physical activity and health for children and youth: Grades, secular trends, and socio-economic inequalities

Bardid, Farid; Tomaz, Simone A.; Johnstone, Avril; Robertson, Jenni; Craig, L. C. A.; Reilly, John J.

doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2022.07.002

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In Scotland, for example, childhood obesity prevalence increased dramatically in families with low socioeconomic status but was stable among those with high socioeconomic status 31 and for most report card indicators socioeconomic inequalities increased substantially in the decade prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. 32 Further analysis will also be required to examine the causes of secular changes (or lack of secular changes), but the present study can help generate hypotheses about mechanisms, and stimulate further research (eg, on the influence of gender inequality on trends in many of the report card indicators).…”

Section: Strengths and Limitations Of The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 97%

Recent Secular Trends in Child and Adolescent Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Internationally: Analyses of Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance Global Matrices 1.0 to 4.0

Reilly

Barnes

González

et al. 2022

Journal of Physical Activity and Health

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Background: We examined recent global secular trends in 5 indicators of child and adolescent physical activity and sedentary behavior (Overall Physical Activity, Organized Sport and Physical Activity, Active Play, Active Transportation, and Sedentary Behavior) and 4 influences on these (Family and Peers, School, Community and Environment, and Government). Methods: Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance letter grades (A+ to F) were assigned numbers from 15 to 2, with 0 assigned for missing/incomplete grades. Trends from Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance Global Matrices 1.0 (2014) to 4.0 (2022) were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models with level of economic development and gender inequity considered as potential moderators. Results: Report card grades were generally relatively stable. Trends generally did not differ significantly by level of economic development (except for Active Transportation and Active Play), but gender inequality did significantly moderate trends for most of the indicators, with higher gender inequality associated with more adverse changes in grades. The number of “incomplete” grades decreased over time, but this did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: While trends varied within and between countries, physical activity and sedentary behaviors, and the influences on these behaviors globally, were relatively stable over the past decade or so, albeit at undesirable levels.

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Section: Strengths and Limitations Of The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 97%

Recent Secular Trends in Child and Adolescent Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Internationally: Analyses of Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance Global Matrices 1.0 to 4.0

Reilly

Barnes

González

et al. 2022

Journal of Physical Activity and Health

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“…no lockdowns are imposed) [12], a severer situation is feared in other countries. Indeed, a recent ecological study among Scottish adolescents reported on the cautionary on a possible widening socioeconomic inequality in PA and ST [40]. Further individual-level research is necessary to verify this.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the socioeconomic inequality of health behavior among Japanese adolescents: a two-year-repeated cross-sectional survey

Kyan

Takakura

2022

Preprint

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Background: Although disparities in socioeconomic status in health behaviors have been highlighted globally, they are not well understood in Japanese adolescents. The purpose of this study was to clarify the changes in socioeconomic disparities in adolescents' fundamental health behaviors, such as physical activity, screen time (ST), sleep, breakfast intake, and bowel movement before and during COVID-19. Methods: This was a repeated cross-sectional study which used data from the 2019 and 2021 National Sports-Life Survey of Children and Young in Japan. Data of 766 and 725 participants in 2019 and 2021, respectively, were analyzed. Favorable health behaviors were defined as daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) of at least 60 minutes, ST of less than 2 hours, sleep of 8 to 10 hours, daily breakfast intake, and bowel movement frequency of at least once in every 3 days. We calculated the slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) in each health behavior for equivalent household income levels for assessing absolute and relative economic inequalities. Results: Compliance with MVPA and ST recommendation significantly declined from 20.1% and 23.0% in 2019 to 11.7% and 14.9% in 2021, respectively. The SII and RII increased in MVPA for income levels, but decreased in daily breakfast in 2019 to 2021. Although the widening and narrowing of the disparity was inconclusive for ST, it exacerbated for the higher income groups. Conclusions: Our study revealed widening of economic disparities in the achievement of recommended MVPA and narrowing of it in breakfast intake among adolescents before and during COVID-19.

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“…In Scotland, physical activity policy and practice between 2008 and 2022 has been misinformed by inaccurate measurement of physical activity during surveillance. 34 – 36 …”

Section: Limitations Of Surveillancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Scottish physical activity strategy is well-developed and has been guided by surveillance evidence derived largely from nationally representative Scottish Health Surveys. 34 However, these surveys used an invalid physical activity questionnaire that vastly overestimated moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and, erroneously, found high levels of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity during childhood and a very marked decline in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity during adolescence, particularly among girls. 35 , 36 This spurious finding provided the rationale for directing Scottish policy and practice towards adolescent girls for many years as they were the perceived high-risk group for low physical activity in the population.…”

Section: Limitations Of Surveillancementioning

confidence: 99%

“… 36 In fact, physical activity in both boys and girls was reported to be low by early childhood over a decade ago. 34 , 35 Consequently, there is a need for population-wide actions that begin much earlier in the life-course, that include both boys and girls and that extend to other major areas of concern not included in current policy, such as sedentary behaviour.…”

Section: Limitations Of Surveillancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Surveillance to improve physical activity of children and adolescents

Reilly¹,

Aubert²,

Brazo-Sayavera³

et al. 2022

Bull World Health Org

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The global transition to current low levels of habitual physical activity among children and adolescents began in the second half of the last century. Low physical activity harms health in both the short term (during childhood and adolescence) and long term (during adulthood). In turn, low physical activity could limit progress towards several sustainable development goals, undermine noncommunicable disease prevention, delay physical and mental health recovery from the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, increase health-care costs and hinder responses to climate change. However, despite the importance of physical activity, public health surveillance among children and adolescents is very limited globally and low levels of physical activity in children is not on the public health agenda in many countries, irrespective of their level of economic development. This article details proposals for improvements in global public health surveillance of physical activity from birth to adolescence based on recent systematic reviews, international collaborations and World Health Organization guidelines and strategies. Empirical examples from several countries illustrate how improved surveillance of physical activity can lead to public health initiatives. Moreover, better surveillance raises awareness of the extent of physical inactivity, thereby making an invisible problem visible, and can lead to greater capacity in physical activity policy and practice. The time has arrived for a step change towards more systematic physical activity surveillance from infancy onwards that could help inform and inspire changes in public health policy and practice globally.

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Results from Scotland's 2021 report card on physical activity and health for children and youth: Grades, secular trends, and socio-economic inequalities

Cited by 8 publications

References 27 publications

Recent Secular Trends in Child and Adolescent Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Internationally: Analyses of Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance Global Matrices 1.0 to 4.0

Recent Secular Trends in Child and Adolescent Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Internationally: Analyses of Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance Global Matrices 1.0 to 4.0

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the socioeconomic inequality of health behavior among Japanese adolescents: a two-year-repeated cross-sectional survey

Surveillance to improve physical activity of children and adolescents

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