Results from Gamma Ray and Proton Beam Radiation Testing of Quartz Resonators

Norton, J. R.; Cloeren, J.M.; Suter, Joseph J.

doi:10.1109/freq.1984.200738

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Much larger frequency alterations are experienced by crystals when irradiated by natural radiation in space [5]. Numerous studies on the radiation susceptibilities of crystal material and crystal resonators have therefore been conducted [6][7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2) The effect of radiation on resonators is not linear and extrapolation of high dose rate (well above a few hundred rad(Si)/min) effects to lower dose rates (well below a few rad(Si)/min) is not reliable [6,7]. 3) High dose rate sensitivities are more strongly governed by the impurity levels of the raw crystal material [8]. Therefore, the study of impurities may contribute to understanding high dose rate effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Variations can arise in the process of adhering electrodes, as well as the crystal manufacturing process itself. As a consequence, lot testing could be useful in characterizing the expected sensitivity of quartz resonators [8]. 5) Proton irradiation of crystals resonators can result in greater degradation of frequency stability than occurs with gamma rays [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a consequence, lot testing could be useful in characterizing the expected sensitivity of quartz resonators [8]. 5) Proton irradiation of crystals resonators can result in greater degradation of frequency stability than occurs with gamma rays [8]. 6) A large change in frequency per rad occurs at low dose rates [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Low Dose Rate Proton Irradiation of Quartz Crystal Resonators

Koga¹,

Looper²,

Pinkerton³

et al. 1998

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Low Dose Rate Proton Irradiation of Quartz Crystal Resonators

Koga¹,

Looper²,

Pinkerton³

et al. 1998

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“…[l] have reviewed the radiation response of quartz with respect to frequency control applications. Norton, Cloeren, and Suter; Suter and Maurer; and Suter have recently reported low-dose frequency offset studies [11,12,13]. Several mechanisms for low-dose effects have been discussed by Flanagan, Leadon, and Shannon [14].…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

Radiation induced frequency offsets and acoustic loss in AT-cut quartz crystals

Martin

Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Symposium on Frequency Control

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Ionizing radiation modifies point defects already present in quartz. For example, the A1-Li center present in as-grown high quality cultured quartz is converted into a mixture of Al-OH and Al-hole centers. While neither the A1-Li nor the A1-OH center have acoustic l o s s peaks, peaks at 23K, lOOK and 135K are unswept quartz, the ratio of stable Al-hole centers to associated with the presence of the Al-center. In A1-OH centers is determined by the availability of hydrogen trapped in the growth defect sites. Since these peaks occur at temperatures below the temperature of a crystal oscillator their production causes a negative frequency offset. The magnitude of the radiation-induced offset due to the production of the Al-hole center should match the sum of the heights of these three loss peaks. We have measured the acoustic loss and frequency versus temperature spectra as a function of radiation dose of a number of matching Naswept, unswept. and H-swept AT-cut quartz crystals. As expected, large positive frequency offsets at both the upper and lower turnovers were observed for the Naswept crystals. However, the magnitude of the offset was consistently much less than the change in height of the strong 53K (5MHz) A1-Na loss peak. This smaller offset was caused by a change in "apparent" angle of the crystal that comes about when the A1-Na center is replaced the A1-OH or Al-hole center. King first noted that AT-cut crystals with large A1-Na concentrations behave as if they were cut at a smaller angle than natural or swept crystals. Both the unswept crystals and the H-swept crystals usually showed negative frequency offsets at the turnover temperatures. The offsets of the swept crystals were usually smaller than those of the unswept samples. Only part of the could be explained by summing the heights of the l o s s observed fractional frequency offset at the turnovers peak changes. An additional radiation induced offset was observed at temperatures below 15 K where the the offset does not appear to be related to any acoustic frequency versus temperature curves flatten out. This l o s s peaks; instead, it is caused by shifts in the elastic moduli that take place when a defect is modified. Once this low temperature offset is subtracted from the offset measured at the turnover the by the changes in the acoustic loss peaks. remaining frequency shift matches the value predicted JNTRODUCTION quartz oscillators must be considered in a number of The effects of ionizing radiation on precision aerospace applications. Both transient and steadyof the crystal have been observed following the state frequency offsets and series resistance changes exposure to radiation [ l -1 0 1 . King and Koehler [l]have reviewed the radiation response of quartz with respect to frequency control applications. Norton, Cloeren, and Suter; Suter and Maurer; and Suter have recently reported low-dose frequency offset studies [11,12,13]. Several mechanisms for low-dose effects have been discussed by Flanagan, Leadon, and Shannon [14]. Palkuti and Truong ( ...

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Complex impedance spectroscopy of alkali impurities in as-grown, irradiated and annealed quartz

Devautour‐Vinot

Cambon

Prudhomme

et al. 2007

Journal of Applied Physics

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Articles you may be interested inDielectric relaxation and alternating current conductivity of lanthanum, gadolinium, and erbium-polyvinyl alcohol doped films J. Appl. Phys. 112, 034102 (2012); 10.1063/1.4739752An analysis of Mn-Zn ferrite microstructure by impedance spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersion spectrometry characterizations Variable temperature measurements of the complex dielectric permittivity of lossy AlN-SiC composites from 26. 5-40 GHzThis work compares the dielectric relaxation properties of different crystalline quartz materials, according to their source ͑natural or synthetics͒. It is shown that these relaxation properties are due to a hopping process of alkaline ͑Li + , Na + , and K + ͒ impurities located near ͓Al-O 4 ͔ 5− tetrahedra. A detailed analysis, in terms of the distribution function of the dielectric loss peak, allowed us to perfectly distinguish the different types of as-grown quartz. We show that ͑i͒ the natural quartz has less stable M + charge carriers than the synthetic materials and that ͑ii͒ the homogeneity of the M + trapping sites, created by the ͓Al-O 4 ͔ 5− tetrahedra, strongly depends on the crystal growth conditions. These features were then studied using quartz samples with different treatment conditions: as-grown, irradiated, or annealed at high temperature. We propose that the irradiation greatly facilitates the M + relaxation, by creating additional low energy M + hosting sites, whose number depends on the source of the quartz crystals. We also show that for 100 krad irradiation, the saturation state of the defects is already reached for all the materials under consideration. Finally, we propose that the irradiation followed by annealing at 450°C improves the M + stability and homogeneity in quartz materials, compared with the as-grown materials, this trend being much more relevant for the natural than for the synthetic quartz.

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Results from Gamma Ray and Proton Beam Radiation Testing of Quartz Resonators

Cited by 21 publications

References 2 publications

Low Dose Rate Proton Irradiation of Quartz Crystal Resonators

Low Dose Rate Proton Irradiation of Quartz Crystal Resonators

Radiation induced frequency offsets and acoustic loss in AT-cut quartz crystals

Complex impedance spectroscopy of alkali impurities in as-grown, irradiated and annealed quartz

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