BACKGROUND: Human adipose tissue expresses and releases proinflammatory cytokines and these measures of chronic inflammation have recently been associated with obesity. HYPOTHESIS: To test whether the proinflammatory state is reversible in subjects undergoing weight loss by surgical measures. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty morbidly obese women participated in this prospective study. Subjects were examined for fat mass, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) before and 1 y after Swedish adjustable gastric banding. RESULTS: Anthropometric measures displayed a significant reduction of the body mass index (BMI) from 41.6 AE 5.4 to 30.8 AE 6.1 kg=m 2 and the fat mass from 53.9 AE 10.3 to 29.8 AE 12.1 kg (mean AE s.d.). Hs-CRP levels decreased significantly from 1.33 AE 1.21 mg=dl in pre-gastric banding subjects to 0.40 AE 0.61 mg=dl in post-gastric banding subjects, respectively. IL-6 and TNF-a levels did not differ significantly between pre-and post-gastric banding subjects. CONCLUSIONS: We speculate that in these patients the marked reduction in C-reactive protein might be beneficial in reducing their cardiovascular risk and is not solely mediated by IL-6 and TNF-a.