Restructuring of the amphibian gut microbiota through metamorphosis

Kohl, Kevin D.; Cary, Tawnya L.; Karasov, William H.; Dearing, M. Denise

doi:10.1111/1758-2229.12092

Cited by 127 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…We can conclude from these two recent studies that the frog gut microbiome composition resembles that of terrestrial mammals and is different from the fish (57, 126). The tadpole gut microbiome situation seems to be intermediate.…”

Section: The Amphibian Microbiota and Mucosal Immunitymentioning

confidence: 81%

“…These increased levels of bacteria at a developmental stage associated with immunosuppression may increase the susceptibility to bacterial infections during metamorphosis. In another study, Kohl et al described the evolution of the gut microbiota composition during metamorphosis in the northern leopard frogs ( Lithobates pipiens ) by 16S rRNA sequencing (126). The authors sampled the whole digesta of laboratory-bred animals.…”

Section: The Amphibian Microbiota and Mucosal Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity in Amphibians

Colombo

Scalvenzi²,

Benlamara³

et al. 2015

Front. Immunol.

125

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We know that animals live in a world dominated by bacteria. In the last 20 years, we have learned that microbes are essential regulators of mucosal immunity. Bacteria, archeas, and viruses influence different aspects of mucosal development and function. Yet, the literature mainly covers findings obtained in mammals. In this review, we focus on two major themes that emerge from the comparative analysis of mammals and amphibians. These themes concern: (i) the structure and functions of lymphoid organs and immune cells in amphibians, with a focus on the gut mucosal immune system; and (ii) the characteristics of the amphibian microbiota and its influence on mucosal immunity. Lastly, we propose to use Xenopus tadpoles as an alternative small-animal model to improve the fundamental knowledge on immunological functions of gut microbiota.

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Section: The Amphibian Microbiota and Mucosal Immunitymentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: The Amphibian Microbiota and Mucosal Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity in Amphibians

Colombo

Scalvenzi²,

Benlamara³

et al. 2015

Front. Immunol.

125

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As the host matures, physical properties of the intestinal environment further influence microbial colonization and persistence; these include the availability of oxygen, organic carbon and other nutrients, and pH. For most vertebrates, the dietary transition that occurs during postnatal maturation through metamorphosis or weaning plays a major role in shaping the adult microbiota (Kohl et al, 2013;Pantoja-Feliciano et al, 2013).…”

Section: Determinants Of Microbiome Structure and Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A place for host–microbe symbiosis in the comparative physiologist's toolbox

Kohl

Carey

2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Although scientists have long appreciated that metazoans evolved in a microbial world, we are just beginning to appreciate the profound impact that host-associated microbes have on diverse aspects of animal biology. The enormous growth in our understanding of hostmicrobe symbioses is rapidly expanding the study of animal physiology, both technically and conceptually. Microbes associate functionally with various body surfaces of their hosts, although most reside in the gastrointestinal tract. Gut microbes convert dietary and host-derived substrates to metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, thereby providing energy and nutrients to the host. Bacterial metabolites incorporated into the host metabolome can activate receptors on a variety of cell types and, in doing so, alter host physiology (including metabolism, organ function, biological rhythms, neural activity and behavior). Given that host-microbe interactions affect diverse aspects of host physiology, it is likely that they influence animal ecology and, if they confer fitness benefits, the evolutionary trajectory of a species. Multiple variables -including sampling regime, environmental parameters, host metadata and analytical methods -can influence experimental outcomes in host-microbiome studies, making careful experimental design and execution crucial to ensure reproducible and informative studies in the laboratory and field. Integration of microbiomes into comparative physiology and ecophysiological investigations can reveal the potential impacts of the microbiota on physiological responses to changing environments, and is likely to bring valuable insights to the study of host-microbiome interactions among a broad range of metazoans, including humans.

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“…1 The permeability of the gut facilitates the transport of metabolites produced by the microbiota, which allows the signaling and interactions between the gut microbiota and the host organs and tissues. 2 Host immune and nervous system as well as behavior including mating can be influenced.…”

Section: Microbiome During Development and Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Host immune and nervous system as well as behavior including mating can be influenced. 1,3,4 The use of metagenomics approaches to understand the complex metabolic interactions between the human host and its microbiome has revealed extensive variability in the diversity and composition of the microbiome between individuals and throughout the life-span of the host. A representation of this knowledge is summarized in Figure 10.2.…”

Section: Microbiome During Development and Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Promises and Prospects of Microbiome Studies

Rivera¹,

Izard

2015

Metagenomics for Microbiology

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Since Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, first microscopic observations of the unseen microbiota and the more recent realization that little of the microbes in the biosphere are known, humans have developed a deep curiosity to fully understand the inner workings of the microbial realm. Our ability to characterize the complexity of microbial communities in their natural habitats has dramatically improved over the past decade thanks to advances in high-throughput methodologies. By eliminating the need to isolate and culture individual species, metagenomics approaches have removed many of the obstacles that hindered research in the ecology of mixed microbial consortia, providing valuable information about the diversity, composition, function, and metabolic capability of the community.Microbes are the unseen majority with the capability to colonize every environment, including our bodies. The establishment and composition of a stable human microbiome is determined by the host genetics, immunocompetence, and life-style choices. Our life-style choices determine our exposure to many external and internal environmental factors that permanently or temporarily can influence our microbiome composition. Figure 10.1 illustrates some of the life-style-related factors that might influence the microbiota of the skin, mouth, and gut. It is not limited to what we carry, touch, breath, and eat. Other dispersal vectors include secretion, excretions, aerosols, air flow, animals, moving surfaces, water, beverages, food, contact, wind, tools, toiletry, and others. These influence the microbiome membership, who are present, and they have the ability to participate in the microbiome dynamic within an environment. The establishment of a microbial community is dependent on many environmental factors, including pH, temperature, altitude, weather, soil type, nutrient availability, relative humidity, air quality, pollutants, microbial competitors, and others. In other words, we are superorganisms interconnected with other living forms on this Earth. 146 Metagenomics for MicrobiologyFig. 10.1. Microbiome of modern humans is influenced by life-style choices.During everyday life, humans are exposed to many external and internal environmental factors that can influence the composition of their microbiome. The human microbiome is here represented by the microbiota of the skin, mouth, and gut, and next to each body site a series of environmental modifiers. Some of these modifiers, such as general health, diet, medications, and stress, can affect the microbiota of more than one body site, but others, such as toothbrush and toothpaste, can directly modify the microbiota of only one body site. Promises and Prospects of Microbiome Studies 147The exploration of the microbial worlds uncovered the extreme microbial diversity throughout the biosphere, from hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor to the intestinal tract of animals. In addition to metagenomics, other technologies including metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, metabolomics, and metalipidomics can provide...

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Restructuring of the amphibian gut microbiota through metamorphosis

Cited by 127 publications

References 31 publications

Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity in Amphibians

Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity in Amphibians

A place for host–microbe symbiosis in the comparative physiologist's toolbox

Promises and Prospects of Microbiome Studies

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