Restricting lepidopteran herbivory through trap cropping and bird perches in Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)

Abstract

The Egyptian clover L. is a winter season leguminous forage that supports a great diversity of insect pest populations in the Northern Indian Plains. In the context of evolving non-chemical approach for pest control, different trap crops viz. marigold, Tagetes erecta: chickpea, Cicer arietinum L.; and sunflower, Helianthus annuus, were planted as border rows around the clover plots to trap lepidopteran larvae. The push and pull strategy was further augmented by the help of neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 3% spray on the main crop. Services of insectivorous birds were utilized through T-shaped bird perches for feeding on lepidopteran larvae. The lowest larval population of Helicoverpa armigera (2.29 individuals/m row length) was recorded in the plots with the trap crops such as marigold and bird perches, and those that received neem insecticidal sprays which indicated the decrease of larval population due to the repellant action of neem gave (75.8%) a reduction in larval population than the sole cropped plots, followed by chickpea (2.58 larvae; 72.8%) reduction in larval population and sunflower (3.53 larvae; 63%). Sunflower recorded the highest number of H. armigera population, at flowering stage of berseem which depicted the suitability of sunflower for the attractiveness of low number of the larvae (2.75 larvae/m row length) on berseem. The plots with berseem as a sole crop without any control measure exhibited significantly high H. armigera larvae (12.95 larvae per meter row length). The fecundity of pod borer on different trap crops revealed the highest fecundity population (7.25 larvae) of Helicoverpa on either chickpea or sunflower as trap crops. During the vegetative phase of berseem and the flowering stage of marigold and sunflower, these were recorded as favorable hosts. The highest green fodder yield (GFY; 1115 q/ha) was recorded in plots sown with marigold as the trap crop and with bird perches and in plots that received NSKE sprays as compared to sole cropped plots (700 q/ha). The data on seed yield also revealed superiority of berseem plots with sunflower, as a trap crop, and also a high parasitization by parasitoids.

Artificial T- Perches As Attractant For Insectivorous Birds Against <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> (hubner)

“…Among birds visiting field of chickpea, 70% used perches for their feeding (Vogel et al, 2018). Seven species of insectivorous birds were recorded in berseem field utilizing perches of 1 m height; birds perches do act as predation substrate which was maximum utilized by black drongo; common myna was the most abundant while red-wattled lapwing Vanellus indicus was the least abundant in berseem field as observed by Kumar and Cheema (2020). In tomato field, 5.71% insectivorous bird species were recorded during one hour, out of which 2.84 % birds utilized T-perches (Mehta et al, 2010).…”

“…Observations on H. armigera incidence that occurred in berseem crop was made during March only, as its appeared by the end of February and declined in the beginning of April (Kumar and Cheema, 2020). Statistical analysis of these (from E1, E2 and C fields) using one way ANOVA showed significant difference (p< 0.05); it was low i.e.…”

“…Installing T-shaped perches encourages birds into the fields and helps in reduction of pest by ecofriendly methods. Artificial perches imitate bare trees which naturally prevails in landscape (Vogel et al, 2018;Kumar and Cheema, 2020). Also, structural complexity is promoted by artificial perches and it aids in increasing local bird diversity (Horgan et al, 2016).…”

T-Perches Determining Avian Feeding Guilds in Maize

“…Artificial perches help to increase local bird diversity and improve structural complexity (Horgan et al, 2016). They mimic the barren trees that are commonly found in landscapes (Vogel et al, 2018, Kumar andCheema, 2020). The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of T-shaped perches on bird diversity and various feeding guild patterns in maize.…”