Restraint Stress Impacts on Behavioral Changes and Adrenal and Kidney Tissue Histopathology of Adult Mice

Abstract

Restraint stress causes changes in the brain parameters. Little research has been done on the impact of restraint stress on other tissues, including adrenal glands and kidneys. This study aimed to determine the effect of restraint stress on eating behaviors, depressive-like, anxiety-like behaviors, weight gain as well as histopathological changes in the kidneys and adrenal glands. Twenty adult BALB/c mice were assigned into control male, stressed male, control female, and stressed female. Restraint stress was applied two hours/day for 14 days. Tail suspension and open field tests were carried out to perform behavior analyses. Adrenal and kidney histological slides were observed under an Olympus CX-31 microscope and visualized using an Olympus E330 camera. The two-way ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis using GraphPad Prism 9.0.0 software. We found that restraint stress defeat appetite and reduces weight gain particularly in stressed female. However, depressive- and anxiety-like behavior were demonstrated in both sexes. Adrenal and kidney tissues of stressed mice demonstrated a higher number of necrotic cells than control. The pyknosis phase was more common than the karyorrhexis and karyolitic phases. Interestingly, male mice were more receptive to stress than female mice. These findings indicate that restraint stress leads to behavioral changes and cellular defects in the adrenal glands and kidneys, particularly in male mice. The sympathetic activation and hypothalamus-pituitary-axis stimulation are assumed as the underlying stress effect of the restraint procedure. The restraint stress method has the potential to be used in future research on stress-responsive target organs.

Alterations in Blaood Profiles and Spleen Tissue Following Purple Sweet Pota-to Anthocyanin Extract Treatment in Restraint-Stressed Mice

“…Mice were individually immobilized in a ventilated acrylic tube with a fitted diameter fitted to the body of the animals. The restraint stress procedure was performed for 2 hours each day for a duration of 14 days [27].…”

Modifying Effect of Anthocyanin from Purple Sweet Potatoes on Visceral Fat Tissue Inflammation and Liver Oxidative Stress in Psychological Stress-Induced Mice

“…A total of 25 mice were randomly assigned into 5 experimental groups (n = 5) consisting of control, stress (STR), STR+ANC 10 mg/kgBW, STR+ANC 20 mg/kgBW and STR+ANC 40 mg/kgBW. Stress was exposed for 2 hours each day for a duration of 14 days in a random schedule to avoid animal habituation [16]. Total anthocyanin extract was administered via intragastric route at a frequency once per day following the stress period [14].…”

“…Mice were immobilized individually in a ventilated transparent cylinder. The diameter of the cylinder was fitted close to the animal body [16]. Restraint stress was performed to produce both physical and psychological stress among animals [17].…”