Abstract:We showed previously in mice that restraint stress reduces the number of embryo implantation sites in the endometrium. Here we hypothesized that the uterine microenvironment is altered by restraint stress and consequently is sub-optimal for embryo implantation. On embryonic day 1 (E1), 60 of 154 pregnant CD1 mice underwent restraint stress (4h), repeated daily to E3, E5 or E7 (n = 10 mice per group). Restraint stress decreased food intake and suppressed body weight gain on E3, E5 and E7. Restraint stress decre… Show more
“…Therefore, the uterus may be an important organ for studying reproductive stress exposure as a form of psychological stress. Additionally, in the present study, we found that restraint stress affected the balance between oxidation and antioxidation [10], as well as the balance between proliferation and apoptosis, under restraint stress in early pregnancy [21]. Recently, psychological stress has attracted worldwide attention.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 58%
“…Primary mouse uterine stromal cells from E5 pregnant mouse uteri were isolated as described in a related study [21]. Briefly, uterine tissue from E5 mice was removed from the fat tissue, cut longitudinally, and washed with Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS, containing 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 µg/mL streptomycin).…”
Section: Primary Culture Of Uterine Stromal Cells and Drug Treatmentmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…During pregnancy, the balance between cell proliferation and death is crucial for successful embryo implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy [20]. In our previous studies, restraint stress was shown to disturb the adaptive reconstruction of the endometrium during implantation in maternal mice [21] and to be associated with oxidative stress-induced immune dysfunction and an imbalance between cell proliferation and apoptosis [10,21]. β 2 -AR activates adenylyl cyclase (AC) by triggering the coupling of the receptor to Gs.…”
“…Therefore, the uterus may be an important organ for studying reproductive stress exposure as a form of psychological stress. Additionally, in the present study, we found that restraint stress affected the balance between oxidation and antioxidation [10], as well as the balance between proliferation and apoptosis, under restraint stress in early pregnancy [21]. Recently, psychological stress has attracted worldwide attention.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 58%
“…Primary mouse uterine stromal cells from E5 pregnant mouse uteri were isolated as described in a related study [21]. Briefly, uterine tissue from E5 mice was removed from the fat tissue, cut longitudinally, and washed with Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS, containing 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 µg/mL streptomycin).…”
Section: Primary Culture Of Uterine Stromal Cells and Drug Treatmentmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…During pregnancy, the balance between cell proliferation and death is crucial for successful embryo implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy [20]. In our previous studies, restraint stress was shown to disturb the adaptive reconstruction of the endometrium during implantation in maternal mice [21] and to be associated with oxidative stress-induced immune dysfunction and an imbalance between cell proliferation and apoptosis [10,21]. β 2 -AR activates adenylyl cyclase (AC) by triggering the coupling of the receptor to Gs.…”
“…In addition, restraint stress markedly decreased the CD3 + CD4 + T/CD3 + CD8 + T cell ratio. Additionally, antioxidant ability was compromised, and the concentration of MDA was increased [ 86 ]. Moreover, restraint stress reduced the weight of the uterus and ovary and the intake of food with reduction in weight, while the relative endometrial area and uterine gland area were reduced after restraint stress.…”
Section: Oxidative Stress In the Uterus And Placentamentioning
In recent years, the study of oxidative stress (OS) has become increasingly popular. In particular, the role of OS on female fertility is very important and has been focused on closely. The occurrence of OS is due to the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are a double-edged sword; they not only play an important role as secondary messengers in many intracellular signaling cascades, but they also exert indispensable effects on pathological processes involving the female genital tract. ROS and antioxidants join in the regulation of reproductive processes in both animals and humans. Imbalances between pro-oxidants and antioxidants could lead to a number of female reproductive diseases. This review focuses on the mechanism of OS and a series of female reproductive processes, explaining the role of OS in female reproduction and female reproductive diseases caused by OS, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, preeclampsia and so on. Many signaling pathways involved in female reproduction, including the Keap1-Nrf2, NF-κB, FOXO and MAPK pathways, which are affected by OS, are described, providing new ideas for the mechanism of reproductive diseases.
“…Restraint stress in pregnant mice significantly reduced the pregnancy rate and average litter size of mice as compared to controls, attributed in part to reduced number of implantation sites [ 46 ]. Decreased endometrial cell proliferation, vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and microvessel density were found in mated female mice exposed to restraint stress, which may provide some insight into the mechanisms by which restraint stress negatively influences the uterine environment [ 47 ]. Auditory stress on female mice has also been reported to have adverse effects on uterine receptivity [ 48 ].…”
Section: The Impacts Of Stress Throughout the Hpg Axismentioning
An organism’s reproductive fitness is sensitive to the environment, integrating cues of resource availability, ecological factors, and hazards within its habitat. Events that challenge the environment of an organism activate the central stress response system, which is primarily mediated by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. The regulatory functions of the HPA axis govern the cardiovascular and metabolic system, immune functions, behavior, and reproduction. Activation of the HPA axis by various stressors primarily inhibits reproductive function and is able to alter fetal development, imparting a biological record of stress experienced in utero. Clinical studies and experimental data indicate that stress signaling can mediate these effects through direct actions in the brain, gonads, and embryonic tissues. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which stress activation of the HPA axis impacts fertility and fetal development.
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